# Viral cultures for assessing airborne infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

## TL;DR

This study reviews evidence on how infectious SARS-CoV-2 is in the air, finding that culturable virus is rare despite detectable RNA.

## Contribution

A systematic review and meta-analysis of viral culture studies to assess airborne SARS-CoV-2 infectiousness.

## Key findings

- Only 14% of air samples tested positive for culturable SARS-CoV-2.
- RNA presence does not strongly correlate with infectious virus detection.
- Standardized reporting guidelines are needed for airborne virus infectivity assessments.

## Abstract

There is uncertainty about the quantification, viability and infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in air samples. Our objective was to systematically review the evidence for air sample virus infectiousness with high-level confirmatory studies.

We conducted literature searches in LitCovid, medRxiv, PubMed, the WHO Covid-19 databases, and Google Scholar. We included studies that assessed viral infectiousness in the air using viral culture or serial qRT-PCR with or without genomic sequencing. Our primary outcome was the proportion of culture-positive air samples of SARS-CoV-2. Secondary outcomes explored the relationship between infectiousness and Cycle threshold (Ct). We used published methods for assessing quality, and R software for meta-analysis.

We included 26 studies that used viral culture to assess air sample positivity of SARS-CoV-2. The overall reporting quality was moderate. The overall pooled frequency of positive viral cultures was 14% (95% CI 7–17, I2 = 52.3%; p = 0.001). The data were not sufficient to compute a threshold for infectivity, or to explore the relationship between distance and infectiousness.

The proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 viral cultures following positive RNA samples in the air is low, suggesting that while viral RNA may be present, the likelihood of detecting culturable, infectious viruses is substantially lower. Our findings underscore the need for standardized guidelines to assess and report the infectivity and potential for transmissibility of airborne viruses, including the consistent reporting of Ct values and methods to mitigate bias.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-025-12430-z.