# The retaining kdo transferase that synthesizes Escherichia coli K13 capsule is deeply divergent from structurally homologous enzymes

## TL;DR

This paper identifies and characterizes a new enzyme, KrkA, responsible for building a specific bacterial capsule in Escherichia coli.

## Contribution

The study introduces KrkA as the first member of a new glycosyltransferase family (GT140) with dual enzymatic activity.

## Key findings

- KrkA has both ribosyltransferase and Kdo-transferase activity, essential for K13 capsule synthesis.
- The N-terminal module of KrkA is the Kdo-transferase, structurally similar to other Kdo-transferases despite low sequence similarity.
- Structural and mutagenesis studies reveal key residues for enzyme function and substrate binding.

## Abstract

3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) is an eight-carbon monosaccharide that, in Gram-negative bacteria, is an essential structural component of both lipopolysaccharide and the polymeric linker in Group 2 and 3 capsules. Kdo is also an important building block of the variable region of various capsular structures, but the responsible enzymes have, to date, not been investigated. Here, we structurally and functionally characterize the protein KrkA from Escherichia coli capsular serotype K13, showing that it has both ribosyltransferase and Kdo-transferase activity, consistent with this protein being solely responsible for synthesizing the K13 (and the closely related K20 and K23) capsular polysaccharide repeat. We show that the N-terminal module of this protein is the Kdo-transferase. This module’s x-ray structure (at 2.7 Å resolution) resembles that of two characterized Kdo-transferases: the GT99 module of WbbB, and the GT107 module of KpsC, despite sharing negligible sequence similarity. KrkA is therefore the founding member of a new GT family, GT140. KrkAGT140 is organized into a trimer, where a single residue contributes to a neighboring protomer’s acceptor binding site. Using a D193C mutation, we determined the Kdo adduct and ternary complex structures at 2.0 and 2.2 Å resolution, respectively. These structures, along with site-directed mutagenesis, confirm the critical nature of the nucleophile Asp193 and the general base Glu102 (contributed by a secondary structure element distinct from that in GT99 and GT107), as well as important adduct and acceptor binding residues. Escherichia coli isolates collectively encode four distinct clusters of related proteins, suggesting polyphyletic origins for this capsular serotype.