# Not every classroom lifts you up: school academic emphasis, teacher encouragement and motivation, and student constraints in reading achievement—a multilevel latent profile analysis

## TL;DR

The study shows that schools with a strong focus on academics help teachers' encouragement boost student reading success more effectively.

## Contribution

The study extends the School Effectiveness framework by showing how academic school culture influences classroom practices' impact.

## Key findings

- Schools with high academic emphasis link teacher encouragement to better student reading achievement.
- Low academic emphasis schools show classroom instruction limited by student attributes negatively affects reading.
- School academic culture shapes how classroom practices influence student outcomes.

## Abstract

This study aims to identify latent profiles that emphasize academic success and examine how these profiles affect the interaction between classroom reading instruction, classroom climate, and student reading achievement.

Employing multilevel latent profile analysis combined with a cross-level moderation approach, the study used PIRLS 2021 data from 6,032 students across 192 schools in Türkiye.

The findings revealed two school profiles as perceived by teachers, one with a low emphasis on academic achievement and the other with a high emphasis. More specifically, in schools where teachers perceived a stronger focus on academic success, their encouragement and motivation efforts were more linked to higher student reading achievement. In contrast, in schools with a low emphasis on academic success, classroom instruction limited by student attributes negatively affected reading achievement; however, this association remained consistent across both profiles, indicating that school emphasis did not moderate this relationship.

This study contributes theoretically by extending the School Effectiveness framework to show that school academic culture shapes the impact of classroom practices. The findings refine this framework by illustrating that instructional effects differ across schools with varying levels of academic emphasis. These results underscore the need for policies and leadership practices that cultivate strong academic cultures to enhance the effectiveness of classroom instruction.