# Feasibility study of U-Net-based automatic segmentation of pelvic bone marrow for postoperative radiotherapy in cervical cancer

## TL;DR

This study shows that the RT-Mind software, based on a U-Net architecture, can accurately and quickly segment pelvic bone marrow and other structures for cervical cancer radiotherapy.

## Contribution

The study introduces RT-Mind, a U-Net-based tool, and demonstrates its effectiveness in auto-segmenting pelvic bone marrow and other organs at risk in cervical cancer postoperative radiotherapy.

## Key findings

- RT-Mind achieved high accuracy in segmenting pelvic bone marrow with a DSC of 0.89 ± 0.05.
- Auto-segmentation reduced contouring time for CTV from 4151.54 seconds to 45.82 seconds.
- Dosimetric results showed improved organ-at-risk sparing for bone marrow, small bowel, and rectum.

## Abstract

To investigate the feasibility and clinical value of RT-Mind, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based auto-segmentation software, in delineating clinical target volume (CTV) and pelvic bone marrow (PBM) as organs at risk (OARs) during postoperative radiotherapy for cervical cancer.

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 55 cervical cancer patients who underwent postoperative radiotherapy between March 2024 and January 2025. Manual delineations by experienced radiation oncologists were compared with auto-segmentations generated by RT-Mind for CTV and OARs (including rectum, bladder, bowel bag, femoral heads, and bone marrow). Evaluation metrics included Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), Hausdorff Distance (HD), Jaccard Index (JAC), and Sensitivity Index (SI), along with time efficiency comparisons between manual and automatic contouring.

The auto-segmentation achieved favorable accuracy across multiple structures. For bone marrow, the DSC, HD, JAC, and SI were 0.89 ± 0.05, (2.39 ± 0.90) mm, 0.80 ± 0.11, and 0.87 ± 0.04, respectively. Bladder and femoral heads also showed high concordance, with DSCs exceeding 0.91 and HDs below 2 mm. Auto-segmentation significantly reduced contouring time across all structures; for CTV, the average time decreased from (4151.54 ± 300.23) seconds to(45.82 ± 2.00)seconds (t=-102.10,p< 0.001).From a dosimetric perspective, auto-segmentation achieved comparable CTV coverage to manual methods (P > 0.05), but showed statistically significant improvements in organ-at-risk sparing for bone marrow, small bowel, and rectum (P< 0.05). No clinically relevant differences were detected for bladder or femoral head doses.

The RT-Mind software based on a U-Net architecture demonstrates high accuracy and efficiency in segmenting CTV and OARs in postoperative radiotherapy for cervical cancer, particularly in delineating pelvic bone marrow. It effectively reduces contouring time and inter-observer variability, offering promising clinical applicability.