# Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO2 nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

## TL;DR

Researchers designed and tested gold-titanium dioxide nanostructures to enhance optical nonlinear responses near a specific wavelength.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel multilayered Au/TiO2 structure with an epsilon-near-zero point for enhanced nonlinear optical performance.

## Key findings

- A nonlinear refractive index of n2 = 0.103 ± 0.006 cm²·GW⁻¹ was achieved for the sample with an ENZ point near 800 nm.
- A modified z-scan technique successfully separated electronic and thermal contributions to the nonlinear response.
- The observed nonlinear response is comparable to other ENZ materials reported in the literature.

## Abstract

In this work, we present the design, fabrication, and study of the optical properties of multilayered metal–dielectric Au/TiO2 structures. The samples were fabricated using Joule effect evaporation for gold and electron beam evaporation for titanium dioxide. Their structure was designed to have an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) point at different wavelengths around 800 nm, in order to study their nonlinear response as a function of the resonance conditions around the ENZ point. The characterization of the linear properties of the samples was done using spectrophotometry and spectral ellipsometry. We studied the nonlinear response with the z-scan technique at different incident irradiances using a Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser, enabling us to characterize both the refractive and absorptive contributions to the nonlinear response. Due to the high pulse repetition rate inherent to Ti:sapphire systems and the presence of linear absorption in the samples, cumulative pulse-to-pulse thermal effects may be present. A modified version of the z-scan technique that allowed us to separate the electronic from the thermal contribution was used. A clear enhancement of the nonlinear response was observed for the sample with an ENZ point around the laser wavelength 800 nm with a nonlinear refractive index of n2 = 0.103 ± 0.006 cm2·GW−1, a value that is comparable to other ENZ materials in literature.