# Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide attenuates Neospora caninum-induced intestinal epithelial cell damage by the C/EBPβ/IL-17/TNF signaling pathway

## TL;DR

This study shows that Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide protects intestinal cells from Neospora caninum infection by reducing inflammation through a specific signaling pathway.

## Contribution

The study identifies a novel mechanism by which Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide mitigates intestinal epithelial damage via the C/EBPβ/IL-17/TNF signaling pathway.

## Key findings

- Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide pretreatment preserves intestinal epithelial homeostasis by inhibiting cell death and inflammation in infected cells.
- Low-dose Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide reduces parasite load and intestinal damage in infected mice by suppressing pro-inflammatory pathways.
- Transcriptomic analysis reveals that Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide modulates immune responses by inhibiting C/EBPβ and downstream inflammatory genes.

## Abstract

Intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) damage is a crucial event in pathogen-induced intestinal inflammation and systemic pathological responses, and their functional integrity directly affects animal health. This study used bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs-21) and mouse models to examine the protective effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) against Neospora caninum (NC)-induced IEC damage and investigate its underlying mechanisms. In vitro, BIECs-21 were infected with NC to establish an intestinal epithelial injury model. In vitro experiments revealed that GCP pretreatment effectively inhibited NC infection-induced decreases in cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, preserving intestinal epithelial homeostasis. Transcriptomic analysis results showed that NC infection activated the interleukin (IL)-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways, increasing the expression of chemokines (CXCL1/2/3) and inflammatory genes (FOSB). In contrast, GCP inhibited the expression of transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) and FOS, reduced pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., IL-6, IL1RAP), and mitigated excessive inflammatory responses. In vivo experiments confirmed that low-dose GCP intervention significantly reduced intestinal hemorrhage and edema, decreased parasite loads in intestinal and cerebral tissues of infected mice, and suppressed protein expression of IL-17RA, TNF-α, p-C/EBPβ and p-NF-κB in intestinal tissues. These findings demonstrate that GCP mitigates NC-induced IEC injury by modulating intestinal immune homeostasis through the C/EBPβ/IL-17/TNF signaling pathway, thus establishing a theoretical basis for developing natural therapeutics against pathogen-induced gut damage.