# The Limits of Humans in Data Gathering: Documentation Error Rates in the Electronic Health Record in the Operating Room

## TL;DR

This study finds that human error rates in documenting surgical events in electronic health records are much higher than in manufacturing, especially when delays occur.

## Contribution

The study quantifies the impact of environmental factors and delays on EHR documentation error rates in surgical settings.

## Key findings

- Error rates for time-stamping surgical events reached 17.01%, much higher than typical manufacturing rates.
- Delays over 20 minutes increased error rates from 1.30% to 38.43%.
- Larger operating rooms and more nurses were linked to higher error rates.

## Abstract

We studied the accuracy of nursing electronic health record (EHR) documentation during surgical procedures focusing on time-stamping of events. In high-end manufacturing these tasks would be considered simple routine with error rates of 0.1% to 0.5%. Documentation accuracy of six key events over 10 consecutive weeks was measured. Error rates, delays in documentation, and environmental variables including operating room (OR) size, number of nurses per OR, and service line were recorded. Statistical methods included regression models, correlation analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). From 202 cases, 98.10% of 1240 events were captured, revealing an overall error rate of 17.01%. Delays in documentation were observed in 51.40% of events. Larger ORs, multiple nurses documenting, and delays over 20 min were linked to higher error rates. Error rates increased from 1.30% without delays to 38.43% with delays exceeding 20 min. Documentation error rates for time-stamping tasks were at a minimum 2.6 times higher than predicted and increased significantly with delays in documentation indicating that environmental complexity and stress diminish human tasks performance as well as recall of events. Our data indicate that error rates in the healthcare space are higher than in the manufacturing space for tasks of identical or similar complexity. Given the certainty and immutability of human error in task performance, our findings highlight the need for technologies to improve accuracy of EHR documentation in this critical and high complexity space.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10916-026-02346-9.