# Neural responses to state curiosity in young children

## TL;DR

This study shows that curiosity enhances learning in young children and activates specific brain regions linked to attention and language.

## Contribution

The study identifies neural correlates of curiosity in young children using fMRI and reveals distinct brain activity patterns associated with curiosity states.

## Key findings

- Children learned more about items they were curious about.
- High curiosity activated brain regions like the inferior frontal gyrus and lateral occipital cortex.
- Curiosity states showed distinct neural patterns in cognitive control regions like the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

## Abstract

Curiosity scaffolds children’s exploration and learning. Yet, the neural mechanisms of curiosity-modulated learning in children remain unclear. Here, we designed an fMRI task to test how curiosity, as defined by children’s self-reported excitement about learning information, modulates memory and neural activity in 5- to 8-year-olds (n = 60 with behavioral data, n = 51 with fMRI). We observed greater learning when children reported more curiosity. In whole-brain analyses, high-curiosity was associated with greater activation in inferior frontal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, the thalamus, and the putamen. Curiosity did not modulate activation in preregistered regions of interest (dorsal attention network, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens) but did modulate activation in an exploratory region of interest, the amygdala. Multivariate searchlight decoding revealed local activity patterns that reliably distinguished reported curiosity levels in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, fusiform gyrus, angular gyrus, precuneus, and cerebellum. Together, these findings are consistent with prior work on curiosity-related activation during information receipt in adults, suggesting that neural systems that support curiosity-driven learning are already engaged in early childhood.

•We examined how state curiosity modulates memory and neural activation in children.•Children learned more about items for which they reported greater curiosity.•High curiosity engaged language, visual, and attention-related brain regions.•We found distinct neural patterns for curiosity states in cognitive control regions.

We examined how state curiosity modulates memory and neural activation in children.

Children learned more about items for which they reported greater curiosity.

High curiosity engaged language, visual, and attention-related brain regions.

We found distinct neural patterns for curiosity states in cognitive control regions.