# Dietary β-carotene improves the ovary development and antioxidant capacity of replacement gilts

## TL;DR

This study shows that dietary β-carotene improves ovarian development and antioxidant activity in young female pigs.

## Contribution

The study identifies β-carotene's role in upregulating FOXL2 and enhancing estradiol synthesis and antioxidant activity in gilts.

## Key findings

- β-carotene increased follicle numbers and estradiol levels in replacement gilts.
- β-carotene upregulated FOXL2 and may enhance estradiol synthesis via the FOXL2-StAR pathway.
- β-carotene boosted antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing oxidative stress in gilts.

## Abstract

β-Carotene exhibits distinct biological effects that enhance reproductive performance in mammals; however, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of β-carotene on ovarian development in replacement gilts and to investigate its potential mechanisms.

A total of 20 gilts, aged 130 d, were randomly assigned to control group or β-carotene group (β-C group, diet containing 10 mg/kg of β-carotene). Each group consisted of 10 replicates, with one gilt per replicate, over a 60-d trial. β-Carotene significantly increased the number of follicles measuring 2–5 mm in diameter, elevated estradiol concentrations in both blood and follicular fluid of replacement gilts (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the β-C group exhibited a significant increase in β-carotene concentration within ovarian follicular fluid (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis of GCs revealed that β-carotene could significantly upregulated the expression of Forkhead Box L2 (FOXL2). When β-carotene and its metabolic product were administered to granulosa cells (GCs), validation of differentially expressed genes in the transcriptome suggests the possibility that β-carotene, rather than its metabolic product, is responsible for the upregulation of FOXL2 in ovarian GCs, which subsequently may regulate StAR and enhance estradiol synthesis. Furthermore, β-carotene is likely to promote lipolysis, providing essential substrates for estradiol and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Concurrently, β-carotene appears to increase the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in gilts, thereby reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) (P < 0.05) and maintaining redox balance.

Our findings suggest that β-carotene could promote lipolysis, activate the FOXL2-StAR pathway to increase estradiol synthesis in GCs, and alleviate oxidative stress, thereby contributing to follicle development.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-025-01342-2.