# Investigation into ligand selectivity and bias at the formyl peptide receptor family

## TL;DR

This study explores how different ligands interact with formyl peptide receptors in mice and humans, finding that most ligands activate both receptor subtypes without clear signaling bias.

## Contribution

The study provides a comparative analysis of ligand responses across human and mouse FPR subtypes, revealing subtype-specific ligands and minimal pathway bias.

## Key findings

- Most ligands showed similar potency and efficacy across signaling pathways in FPR subtypes.
- MMK1 was specific for human FPR2, and BMS-986235 was selective for FPR2 over FPR1 in both species.
- Little evidence of pathway bias was found, except for the pepducin F2Pal10.

## Abstract

Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) mediate both proinflammatory and resolution phases of the inflammatory response involved in many disease states. Harnessing their potential for pharmaceutical development requires an accurate picture of their signaling and regulation to the many test compounds developed. This study compares distinct responses of mouse and human FPR subtypes to several ligands in an attempt to clarify the dual nature of FPR signaling. Here, we expressed human and mouse variants of FPR1 and FPR2 in HEK293 cells and assessed competition binding, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays to measure the interaction between receptors and either Arrestin 3 or mini-Gsi, internalization, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. Concentration-response curves for 11 distinct ligands at each subtype were generated, then analyzed to determine EC50s, Emax values, and ligand bias. All compounds were less potent than WKYMVm across receptor subtypes, with the strength of signaling correlating with affinity estimates. The rank order of potency was maintained across the signaling pathways. Notably, MMK1 was specific for human FPR2, and BMS-986235 was selective for FPR2 over FPR1 in both species. Little evidence of pathway bias was detectable, with the notable exception of the recently described pepducin F2Pal10. The majority of tested ligands exhibit efficacy at each subtype, meaning conclusions of physiological receptor function based on these compounds should be treated circumspectly. It is not possible to determine distinct signaling profiles that would explain proresolution versus inflammatory physiology, and the most likely explanation for these data would be a combination of FPR1 and FPR2 responses.

No evidence of ligand bias between G-protein activation, arrestin recruitment, or internalization was found at formyl peptide receptors for 11 distinct agonists. Differences in physiological outcome are more likely to reflect efficacy at both subtypes rather than inherent signaling bias.