# Distribution of serotypes, biotype, and antibiotic sensitivity of Haemophilus influenzae in nasopharyngeal carrier children in Lima, Peru

**Authors:** Brayan E. Gonzales, Maria Pinedo-Bardales, Marcela Lopez-Briceño, Edison A. Rivera-Fernandez, David Durand, Erik H. Mercado, Faviola Valdivia, Theresa J. Ochoa, Brayan E. Gonzales, Maria Pinedo-Bardales, Marcela Lopez-Briceño, Edison A. Rivera-Fernandez, David Durand, Erik H. Mercado, Faviola Valdivia, Theresa J. Ochoa

PMC · DOI: 10.17843/rpmesp.2025.424.14767 · Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica · 2025-11-20

## TL;DR

This study examines the colonization of Haemophilus influenzae in young children in Lima, Peru, finding that non-type b strains are common and often antibiotic-resistant.

## Contribution

The study provides updated data on H. influenzae colonization and antibiotic resistance in a post-Hib vaccine era in Peru.

## Key findings

- 4.1% of children were colonized with non-typeable H. influenzae using molecular methods.
- Most isolates showed resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and other antibiotics.
- Premature birth was linked to higher colonization rates.

## Abstract

After the introduction of the Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) vaccine, invasive infection caused by this bacterium markedly decreased; however, concern increased regarding the other typable and non-typable strains (NTHi). Prior colonization with this pathogen can become a source of invasive infection. This study aimed to determine colonization by H. influenzae in 888 healthy children under 24 months of age. Colonization was 4.1% (37 samples) using molecular methods (all NTHi) and 1.1% (10 isolates) by culture (8/10 biotype I and 2/10 biotype IV). A history of prematurity was associated with higher colonization in multivariate analysis. Of the isolates, 9/10 were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, 3/10 to ampicillin and cefuroxime, 2/10 to azithromycin, and no resistance to ceftriaxone was observed. Understanding the carriage status of H. influenzae and local resistance patterns is useful for empirical antibiotic therapy in invasive infections where this bacterium is suspected.

Luego de la introducción de la vacuna Hib (Haemophilus influenzae tipo b) disminuyó marcadamente la infección invasiva por esta bacteria, sin embargo, aumentó la preocupación por las otras cepas tipificables y no tipificables (NTHi). La colonización previa con este patógeno puede convertirse en una fuente de infección invasiva. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la colonización por H. influenzae en 888 niños sanos menores de 24 meses de edad. La colonización fue 4,1% (37 muestras) mediante métodos moleculares (todas NTHi) y 1,1% (10 aislamientos) por cultivo (8/10 biotipo I y 2/10 biotipo IV). El antecedente de prematuridad se asoció con una mayor colonización en el análisis multivariado. De los aislamientos, 9/10 fueron resistentes a sulfametoxazol/trimetoprima, 3/10 a ampicilina y cefuroxima, 2/10 a azitromicina, y no se observó resistencia a ceftriaxona. Conocer el estado de portación de H. influenzae y los patrones locales de resistencia es de utilidad para la terapia antibiótica empírica en infecciones invasivas en las que se sospecha esta bacteria.

## Linked entities

- **Chemicals:** sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (PubChem CID 358641), ampicillin (PubChem CID 6249), cefuroxime (PubChem CID 5479529), azithromycin (PubChem CID 447043), ceftriaxone (PubChem CID 5479530)
- **Species:** Haemophilus influenzae (taxon 727)

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** prematurity (MESH:C536271), infection (MESH:D007239), invasive (MESH:D009361)
- **Chemicals:** azithromycin (MESH:D017963), cefuroxime (MESH:D002444), ampicillin (MESH:D000667), ceftriaxone (MESH:D002443), sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (MESH:D015662)
- **Species:** Haemophilus influenzae (species) [taxon 727]

## Full text

_Full body text omitted from this summary view._ Fetch the complete paper as Markdown: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12879982/full.md

## References

20 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12879982/full.md

---
Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12879982