# Lab-Made Electrochemical System with Flexible rGO/PAni Electrode for Selective Multiclass Pharmaceutical Detection

## TL;DR

A flexible, lab-made electrochemical system using a rGO/PAni electrode is developed for detecting multiple pharmaceutical pollutants in groundwater.

## Contribution

A novel flexible rGO/PAni electrode and lab-made electrochemical cell for selective multiclass pharmaceutical detection.

## Key findings

- The rGO/PAni electrode showed high conductivity, thermal stability, and large surface area.
- The system successfully detected acetaminophen, salicylic acid, and norfloxacin in groundwater samples.
- The lab-made cell design offers adaptability and improved performance for environmental electroanalysis.

## Abstract

The development of efficient analytical procedures for
environmental
applications increasingly relies on electrochemical techniques and
their associated systems, which are prized for their high sensitivity,
moderate cost, and portability. To overcome the limitations of conventional
electrochemical setups, this study introduces an alternative lab-made
electrochemical cell design incorporating a flexible reduced graphene
oxide/polyaniline (rGO/PAni) composite electrode. The free-standing
nanocomposite electrodes based on rGO/PAni, characterized by their
high electrical conductivity, thermal stability, and large surface
area, were strategically chosen to enhance the electrode performance.
This thick, malleable, and easy-to-handle film provides a satisfactory
fit with an alternative lab-made electrochemical cell. As a proof-of-concept,
this system was successfully applied to the simultaneous detection
of multiclass pharmaceutical contaminantsacetaminophen, salicylic
acid, and norfloxacinrecognized as emerging environmental
pollutants in groundwater samples. The adaptable nature and advantageous
properties of the rGO/PAni-based working electrode, coupled with the
optimized lab-made cell configuration, demonstrate the potential of
this alternative electrochemical system for selective environmental
electroanalysis.