# Mutations in VPS18 lead to a neutrophil maturation defect associated with disturbed vesicle homeostasis

## TL;DR

This study shows that mutations in VPS18 disrupt neutrophil development by impairing vesicle trafficking and causing autophagy issues.

## Contribution

The study identifies VPS18 as a key gene for neutrophil maturation and vesicle homeostasis in humans and model organisms.

## Key findings

- VPS18 deficiency causes instability in tethering complexes and impaired vesicle dynamics in neutrophil progenitors.
- VPS18 mutations lead to autophagosome accumulation and premature apoptosis in neutrophil development.
- Human iPSCs and zebrafish with VPS18 mutations show significantly reduced neutrophil numbers.

## Abstract

Neutrophils, the first cells to arrive at the site of inflammation, are rather short-lived cells and thus have to be constantly replenished. During neutrophil development, vesicle dynamics need to be fine-tuned and impaired vesicle trafficking has been linked to failure in neutrophil maturation. Here, we characterized the role of VPS18 as a central core component of CORVET & HOPS tethering complexes for neutrophil development. Using CRISPR/Cas9-engineered Hoxb8 cells with heterozygous mutations in Vps18, we found that VPS18 deficiency interfered with neutrophil development due to tethering complex instability. As a result, vesicle dynamics were impaired with a strong increase in LC3B-II and p62 levels, indicating autophagosome accumulation and reduced autophagic flux. With transmission electron microscopy, we verified the increase in autophagosomes and also found irregularly shaped vesicular structures in Vps18 mutants. Subsequently, Vps18 mutant neutrophil progenitors underwent premature apoptosis. We described a novel patient with a heterozygous stop-gain mutation in VPS18 suffering from neutropenia and recurrent infections. To verify our findings in the human system, we used human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Upon differentiation into neutrophils, loss of VPS18 resulted in an almost complete absence of iPSC-derived developing neutrophils. Heterozygous VPS18 mutant and patient mutation-harboring iPSCs were characterized by strongly reduced numbers of developing neutrophils. Zebrafish larvae with heterozygous mutations in vps18 were also characterized by significantly reduced neutrophil numbers. This study shows the pivotal impact of VPS18 for adequate vesicle dynamics during neutrophil development which might be relevant in the context of vesicle trafficking during granulopoiesis and congenital neutropenia.