# Thyroid cytology: practical tricks and pitfalls

## TL;DR

This paper reviews common diagnostic challenges in thyroid cytology, focusing on pitfalls that can lead to incorrect cancer classifications.

## Contribution

The paper systematically identifies and discusses key diagnostic pitfalls in thyroid cytology evaluations.

## Key findings

- Most thyroid nodules are benign, but 20% are indeterminate and pose diagnostic challenges.
- The Bethesda System classifies indeterminate lesions into subgroups with high predictive accuracy.
- Diagnostic errors often arise from overlapping morphological features in thyroid cells.

## Abstract

Thyroid lesions are a common finding, especially in the adult population, based on the evidence that more than 50% of individuals have thyroid nodules. The increasing detection of these lesions is mostly due to frequent ultrasonographic head and neck evaluation, which can now identify small subcentimeter nodules. Fortunately, most of these nodules are benign (70%), with only 5–10% of them attributed as malignant lesions. However, the remaining 20% falling into the category of indeterminate lesions which can lead to some pitfalls and tricky evaluations. Since 1996, different classification systems have been introduced and among them, the most worldwide adopted is the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). It is well-known that TBSRTC as well as other classification systems, subclassified indeterminate lesions into subgroups which specifically for the TBSRTC include a) atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), b) follicular or oncocytic cell neoplasm (FN) and c) suspicious for malignancy (SFM). However, despite the high positive predictive value (97%-99%), sensitivity (65%-99%) and specificity (72%-100%) of thyroid FNAC, diagnostic pitfalls exist that can lead to false positive and/or false negative results. This inconvenience is mostly due to the overlapping of morphological features in terms of cells and even background. This review discusses the most important potential pitfalls in the cytologic evaluation of thyroid lesions that can lead to such diagnostic errors.