# Non-nutritive sweeteners improve growth, reduce diarrhea, and modulate intestinal and systemic metabolism in weaned pigs

## TL;DR

Non-nutritive sweeteners like sucralose and neotame improve growth and reduce diarrhea in weaned pigs, while also affecting intestinal and systemic metabolism.

## Contribution

This study demonstrates that non-nutritive sweeteners can modulate gut health and systemic metabolism in weaned pigs, offering a novel dietary strategy.

## Key findings

- Sucralose and neotame reduced diarrhea frequency in weaned pigs compared to controls.
- Sucralose improved intestinal structure by increasing villus height-to-crypt depth ratio and reducing crypt depth.
- Both sweeteners altered amino acid, nucleoside, antioxidant, and lipid metabolic pathways in serum.

## Abstract

Non-nutritive sweeteners were supplemented to weaned pigs to evaluate their effects on growth, gut development and function, immune responses, and systemic metabolism.

Early weaning improves swine productivity but induces stress that impairs growth, compromises intestinal health, and increases diarrhea. A total of 288 weaned pigs (21 ± 1 d; PIC 800× Yorkshire; initial body weight (BW) 6.21 ± 0.45 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design, with initial BW as the blocking factor and pen as the experimental unit (48 pens; 6 pig/pen). Pigs were assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a nursery basal diet (control; CON), CON supplemented with 150 mg/kg sucralose (SCL). CON supplemented with 30 mg/kg neotame (NEO) or CON supplemented with 50 mg/kg carbadox (CBX). This study investigated the effects of dietary SCL or NEO supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, immune responses, intestinal development, and serum metabolites in weaned pigs. Pigs supplemented with SCL tended to increase (P = 0.093) average daily gain (ADG) from day 0 to 7 and increased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) during phase 1 compared with CON. Pigs supplemented with NEO tended to increase (P = 0.083, P = 0.090) BW on days 7 and 14 and ADG (P = 0.053), and increased ADFI (P < 0.05) during phase 1 compared with CON. Both NEO (P < 0.05) and SCL (P < 0.10) reduced diarrhea frequency during phase 1 and across the experimental period compared with CON. SCL improved villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05), and reduced crypt depth (P < 0.05) compared with CON on day 14. SCL downregulated (P < 0.05) tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) expression compared with CBX on day 28. Untargeted serum metabolomics revealed that both SCL and NEO altered amino acid, nucleoside, antioxidant, and lipid metabolic pathways relative to CON. On day 14, SCL altered β-alanine and glutathione metabolism, whereas NEO modulated amino acid-derived metabolites. By day 28, SCL modulated purine, D-amino acid, and ether lipid metabolism, while NEO was associated with taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. These findings indicate that SCL and NEO improve growth performance and reduce post-weaning diarrhea, with SCL additionally enhancing intestinal structure and barrier-related markers, while NEO may act through palatability enhancements or microbiota-associated metabolic pathways.