Effect of Annealing on Direct Recycled NMC Cathodes
Juliane I. Preimesberger, Cyrus K. Kirwa, Eva Allen, Nikita S. Dutta, Evelyna Wang, Fulya Dogan, Patrick Walker, Yaocai Bai, Krzysztof Z. Pupek, Lisa Stanley, Tiffany L. Kinnibrugh, Matthew Nisbet, Timothy T. Fister, Hongmei Luo, Jaclyn E. Coyle
TL;DR
This paper studies how annealing improves the performance of recycled NMC cathodes used in electric vehicle batteries.
Contribution
The study reveals that high-temperature annealing is crucial for restoring the structural and electrochemical properties of recycled NMC 622 cathodes.
Findings
Annealing at 720 °C is necessary to restore the crystal structure of relithiated NMC 622.
Annealing restores electrochemical properties without affecting particle porosity or morphology.
Surface reconstruction is limited, but full structural recovery requires high temperatures.
Abstract
A substantial number of electric vehicle batteries are poised to reach end-of-life conditions in the next decade. Direct recycling has advantages over typical recycling processes because it preserves the chemical structure of the material. One key step of direct recycling materials like nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes is relithiation, which includes replacing the depleted lithium inventory in the cathode and annealing the material to fix crystallographic degradation. This work uses multiple characterization techniques (synchrotron X-ray diffraction, Ni X-ray absorption near edge structure, scanning transmission electron microscopy) to understand the lithiation mechanism of degraded and chemically relithiated NMC 622. Despite the necessary reconstruction after relithiation being limited to the surface of the degraded NMC 622, a high annealing temperature of 720 °C is still…
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Taxonomy
TopicsAdvancements in Battery Materials · Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies · Extraction and Separation Processes