# Unveiling aucubin-mediated inhibition of PANoptosis in lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury with a near-infrared H2O2 fluorogenic probe

## TL;DR

A new tool detects hydrogen peroxide in real-time, revealing how aucubin from a plant can reduce tissue damage in leg injuries.

## Contribution

A novel near-infrared probe enables real-time H2O2 imaging and identifies aucubin as a first anti-PANoptosis compound from Plantago depressa.

## Key findings

- BFP-H2O2 is a near-infrared probe that detects H2O2 during PANoptosis in cell and mouse models.
- Aucubin was identified as a potent natural inhibitor of PANoptosis in lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury.
- Aucubin reduces oxidative stress and attenuates PANoptosis in muscle tissues affected by LL-IRI.

## Abstract

Although reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated PANoptosis plays a pivotal role in the pathological dysfunction of lower limb ischemia/reperfusion injury (LL-IRI), its exact mechanism remains unclear. Real-time detection of H2O2 will help to reveal the complicated relationship between ROS, PANoptosis and LL-IRI. In this work, we designed and synthesized a novel near-infrared fluorogenic (NIRF) probe, BFP-H2O2, which exhibited a pronounced fluorescence-enhanced response to H2O2 at 650 nm. BFP-H2O2 was successfully applied to a TAK1i/LPS-induced PANoptosis cell model, revealing up-regulation of H2O2 during PANoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, there were no suitable chemical tools available for high-throughput screening of anti-PANoptosis compounds from Plantagodepressa Willd (PW). Leveraging BFP-H2O2, aucubin (AU) from PW was identified for the first time as the most promising anti-PANoptosis active ingredient. Additionally, BFP-H2O2 enabled visual imaging of the dynamic changes of H2O2 in the LL-IRI mice model. Particularly importantly, it was confirmed that AU could effectively inhibit H2O2-mediated oxidative stress and attenuate PANoptosis in gastrocnemius muscle tissues during LL-IRI. This work not only afforded a reliable chemical tool for screening anti-PANoptosis drugs, but also further elucidated the mechanism of PANoptosis and LL-IRI and advanced the development of therapeutic drugs for PANoptosis-related diseases.

Image 1

•A novel NIR fluorogenic probe BFP-H2O2 enabled real-time imaging of H2O2 during PANoptosis.•Aucubin was screened via BFP-H2O2 as a potent natural inhibitor of PANoptosis in LL-IRI.•Aucubin alleviated LL-IRI via reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting PANoptosis.

A novel NIR fluorogenic probe BFP-H2O2 enabled real-time imaging of H2O2 during PANoptosis.

Aucubin was screened via BFP-H2O2 as a potent natural inhibitor of PANoptosis in LL-IRI.

Aucubin alleviated LL-IRI via reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting PANoptosis.