# Development of Secondary Cancers in Pre- vs Post-ICI Eligibility Periods for Metastatic Cancers

**Authors:** Athena Li, Jiyeong Kim, Thet Su Win, Michael L. Chen

PMC · DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.57807 · 2026-02-04

## TL;DR

This study compares the occurrence of secondary cancers in patients with metastatic cancer before and after the availability of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into how the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors may influence the development of secondary cancers.

## Key findings

- The incidence of secondary cancers was analyzed in relation to ICI approval timelines.
- Findings suggest a potential association between ICI use and secondary cancer development.
- The study highlights the importance of long-term monitoring of cancer patients treated with ICIs.

## Abstract

This cohort study investigates incidence of secondary primary cancers before vs after approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) among patients with metastatic cancers.

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** SC (MESH:D006450), metastatic (MESH:D000092182), CM (MESH:C562393), NSCLC (MESH:D002289), UC (MESH:D014523), HCC (MESH:D006528), Metastatic Cancers (MESH:D009369), melanoma (MESH:D008545)
- **Chemicals:** NA (MESH:D012964)
- **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12873763