# The utility of the Attitudes Toward Mathematics Inventory—Short Form for Children for assessing attitudes toward mathematics in primary school children

## TL;DR

This study evaluates a short form of a math attitude inventory for primary school children, confirming its reliability and exploring its relationship with math anxiety and competence.

## Contribution

The study confirms the ATMI-SF's validity for assessing math attitudes in children and explores gender differences and relationships with math anxiety.

## Key findings

- The four-factor structure of the ATMI-SF was confirmed with good internal consistency and gender invariance.
- Gender differences and trends in math attitudes were identified.
- Math attitudes were found to have reciprocal relationships with math anxiety and competence.

## Abstract

According to the Expectancy-Value Theory, attitudes toward mathematics consist of a combination of expectancy of success and task values, including intrinsic, utility, and attainment value, along with associated costs. To analyze this construct in children, understand its relationship with other constructs, and design targeted interventions, appropriate measurement is essential. This study examined the suitability of the Attitudes Toward Mathematics Inventory—Short Form (ATMI-SF), a brief measure that allows for the assessment of the key components of attitudes as defined by the Expectancy-Value Theory, in primary school children. The sample consisted of 798 Italian children (50.5% female; Mage = 9.01, SD = 0.91). The four-factor structure was confirmed, with evidence of gender invariance and good internal consistency. Gender differences and trends in attitudes were explored. The relationships between attitudes, math anxiety, and mathematical competence were examined, highlighting their reciprocal nature. Targeted educational strategies were discussed.