# Neuroendocrine crosstalk between sex and metabolic hormones: mechanisms and implications across the female reproductive spectrum

## TL;DR

The paper explores how sex and metabolic hormones work together in the brain to regulate energy and fertility in women across their reproductive lives.

## Contribution

It highlights new insights into how estradiol interacts with metabolic hormones through shared pathways and how these interactions change during menopause and pregnancy.

## Key findings

- Estradiol enhances metabolic hormone signaling via pathways like PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT.
- Menopause disrupts hormonal crosstalk, leading to metabolic imbalances like insulin resistance.
- Pregnancy increases hormonal coordination to meet fetal energy needs but can lead to disorders like gestational diabetes.

## Abstract

Energy metabolism and fertility are intricately linked across the female lifespan, from puberty through pregnancy, lactation, and menopause, ensuring that nutrition aligns with reproductive demands. We review here the nature of the synergistic crosstalk between sex hormones (notably estradiol) and metabolic hormones (including insulin, leptin, adiponectin, GLP‑1, ghrelin) within the brain, across the female reproductive spectrum. Estradiol amplifies metabolic signaling via shared pathways such as PI3K/Akt and JAK/STAT and enhances receptor sensitivity and secretion of multiple metabolic hormones, supporting the regulation of appetite, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis. Menopause disrupts this integrated network as estradiol declines, resulting in metabolic imbalances characterized by impaired hormone sensitivity, weight gain, and insulin resistance. In contrast, pregnancy enhances hormonal crosstalk through placental hormones, triggering metabolic realignments necessary for fetal energy demands. However, excessive or dysregulated adaptations may contribute to disorders like gestational diabetes. Understanding these synergies, and how estrogen receptor-associated co‑transcription factors can modulate them, represents a promising therapeutic direction to restore metabolic and reproductive health during hormonal transitions such as menopause and pregnancy.