# Volcanism-induced collapse and recovery of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation under glacial conditions

## TL;DR

Volcanic eruptions during the last glacial period may have triggered long-term climate shifts by affecting ocean circulation patterns.

## Contribution

This study demonstrates how large equatorial eruptions could drive abrupt climate changes by influencing the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.

## Key findings

- Very large equatorial eruptions can significantly alter the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
- Volcanic activity may push the climate system between warm and cold states lasting thousands of years.
- Natural climate variability can stabilize the system decades after eruptions, especially near tipping points.

## Abstract

Volcanic eruptions have considerable impacts on climate across various timescales; however, it remains uncertain if, and how, volcanic activity could drive climate change over multiple millennia. Here we incorporate realistic volcanic forcing into a large ensemble of glacial era–coupled atmosphere-ocean model simulations. These simulations are constrained by sulfate records from ice cores, which help estimate the timing of past major eruptions. We investigate how volcanic eruptions may have occasionally triggered abrupt climate change during the last glacial period. Our results show that very large equatorial eruptions can induce large changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation via atmospheric and ocean circulation changes and air-sea buoyancy fluxes, potentially pushing the climate system between persistent warm and cold states lasting millennia. A simplified perspective of the dynamics shows how unforced natural climate variability may exert a stabilizing influence decades after an eruption, especially as the system nears a tipping point.

Introducing very large volcanic eruptions into a model of glacial climate causes abrupt climate change.