# Thriving against the odds through positive deviant behavior: technology adoption and entrepreneurship among dairy farmers in Addis Ababa and Oromia in Ethiopia

## TL;DR

This paper explores how some Ethiopian dairy farmers use innovative technologies to overcome agricultural challenges and serve as role models for others.

## Contribution

The study introduces the concept of positive deviant behavior in dairy farming and highlights its role in fostering sustainable agricultural practices.

## Key findings

- Positive deviant dairy farmers adopt and modify technologies to address challenges like feed shortages and urban development restrictions.
- These farmers improve feed production, manure disposal, and animal welfare through innovative practices.
- The study suggests PD farmers can serve as social referents for peers and policymakers in improving the dairy sector.

## Abstract

Positive deviant (PD) farmers can be differentiated from the wider farming community by their inherent capacity to leverage farming innovations and technologies in addressing challenges faced in engaging in agricultural production. There is currently a limited body of literature on how positive deviance and entrepreneurial behavior allow some dairy farmers to develop strategies that enable them to cope better with and creatively overcome challenges faced by their peers. This study employed a positive deviance approach to identify innovative dairy farmers in urban and peri-urban areas of the Addis Ababa and Oromia administrative regions of Ethiopia. PD farmers were identified and selected through a descriptive study design, utilizing a purposive and snowball sampling approach based on the number of technologies adopted in a previous survey study and referrals from other farmers. Data were collected through key informant interviews and participant observation on selected farms. We observed that PD dairy farmers had adopted and/or modified a variety of technologies to overcome context-specific challenges faced, such as seasonal feed shortages exacerbated by climate change, reduced land size and availability of land for grazing and waste disposal, and restrictions on farming resulting from the development of urban areas. These technologies enabled farmers to improve feed production, manure disposal, breeding practices, the quality of livestock housing, and animal welfare and enabled them to control diseases and add value to milk production. This study underscores the important role that PD dairy farmers could play as social referents, not only for their peers in urban and peri-urban areas but also for policymakers, extension workers and academics who are interested in working with dairy farmers in co-identifying and co-developing solutions to challenges currently undermining the sustainability of the dairy sector in Ethiopia and beyond.