# Sustainable dual-drug analysis: a synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach with integrated greenness and whiteness metrics for favipiravir and levofloxacin

## TL;DR

A new, eco-friendly method using fluorescence is developed to quickly and accurately analyze two drugs, favipiravir and levofloxacin, used in some COVID-19 treatments.

## Contribution

The study introduces a sustainable, rapid, and cost-effective spectrofluorimetric method for simultaneous drug analysis with integrated greenness and whiteness metrics.

## Key findings

- The method achieves high sensitivity and accuracy for favipiravir and levofloxacin in the nanogram per milliliter range.
- Environmental sustainability is confirmed using metrics like Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI, and AGREE.
- Blueness and whiteness criteria validate the method's analytical effectiveness and practicality.

## Abstract

Innovative and sustainable synchronous spectrofluorimetric techniques were developed for the simultaneous assessment of favipiravir (FVP) and levofloxacin (LEV). Some COVID-19 treatment plans call for these drugs to be given together, so reliable approaches are needed to confirm that the studied drugs are of good quality. FVP and LEV are determined with high sensitivity in the nanogram per milliliter range, with high accuracy (recoveries of 99.34% ± 1.10 and 98.87% ± 0.44, respectively). Method validation was conducted in accordance with ICH guidelines. Moreover, several metric systems (Analytical Eco-Scale, GAPI, AGREE) are used to assess environmental sustainability, which confirms the greenness of the proposed method. Also, blueness and whiteness criteria (BAGI, RGB 12) were used to check the usefulness and analytical effectiveness of the established method. As this spectrofluorimetric method is simple, rapid, and inexpensive, it is preferred over other analytical techniques for the routine analysis of the drug combination in bulk powders and pharmaceutical formulations.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-026-35670-8.