# Behavioural manifestations of human-directed social motivation in dogs

## TL;DR

This study explores how dogs show social motivation toward humans and finds that these behaviors may not be consistently linked.

## Contribution

The study challenges the assumption that social motivation in dogs is a unified trait.

## Key findings

- Few significant correlations were found between social orienting, reward, and maintaining behaviors.
- Behaviors may represent different traits or be context-specific rather than unified.
- Results suggest the need for better measures of social motivation in dogs.

## Abstract

During domestication, dogs might have been selected for an increased motivation to engage socially with humans. A more nuanced conceptualization and evaluation of social motivation can improve our understanding of how domestication shaped dogs’ psychology. We tested 104 dogs in a battery that assessed behaviours used as indicators of three aspects of social motivation: social orienting, reward, and maintaining. We aimed to test whether these behaviours indeed represented manifestations of the same construct, in which case we predicted a positive correlation between them. We found few significant correlations, some going in the opposite direction of our predictions. Our results might imply that the tests measured different traits, or that examined behaviours were not driven by the same motivational mechanism. Alternatively, the tests did not reveal sufficient individual variability or provide a clean measure, preventing us from finding existing associations. Moreover, it is possible that, contrary to our assumptions, social motivation is not consistent across contexts and is a context-specific trait instead. Future research should determine how to measure dogs’ social motivation validly and reliably, re-examine assumptions regarding the motivational mechanisms underlying behaviours in commonly used tests and investigate interindividual differences in contextual plasticity regarding behavioural manifestations of social motivation.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-34929-w.