# Artificial intelligence (AI) in academic publishing: Legitimate use, plagiarism detection, and ethical challenges

## TL;DR

This study shows that 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training reduces oxidative stress and cell death in the brains of diabetic rats by activating a key signaling pathway.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates how high-intensity interval training activates the PGC1α-Keap1-Nrf2 pathway to reduce hippocampal apoptosis in type 2 diabetes.

## Key findings

- T2D rats had lower antioxidant enzymes and higher apoptosis markers in the hippocampus.
- HIIT increased antioxidant enzymes and Nrf2 while decreasing BAX and Keap1 in T2D rats.
- Exercise-induced PGC1α activation appears to stimulate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, reducing oxidative stress.

## Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effect of 8-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on oxidative stress and apoptosis in the hippocampus of male rats with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study focused on examining the role of proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α (PGC1α)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein Keap1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway.

Twenty-eight 8-week-old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n=7): control (Con), type 2 diabetes (T2D), exercise (Ex), and exercise + type 2 diabetes (Ex+T2D). The Ex and Ex+T2D groups completed an 8-week exercise program consisting of 80-100% Vmax and 4–10 intervals. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was used to assess insulin resistance. The levels of Bcl2, BAX, musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (Maf), Nrf2, Keap1, and PGC1α in the hippocampus were assessed using the western blot method. Additionally, the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the hippocampus were measured using ELISA.

The findings indicated that the T2D group had lower levels of antioxidant enzymes, Maf, Bcl2, PGC1α, and Nrf2, and higher levels of BAX and Keap1 in the hippocampus. Conversely, the HIIT group exhibited increased levels of antioxidant enzymes, Maf, Bcl2, Nrf2, and PGC1α, along with decreased levels of BAX and Keap1 in the hippocampus.

The study demonstrated that 8-week HIIT was effective in reducing hippocampal apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by T2D by activating the PGC1α-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. The metabolic changes induced by exercise may lead to an increase in PGC1 expression, which is the primary stimulator of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway.