# Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome: A literature review on mechanisms

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how ashwagandha may help manage metabolic syndrome by improving insulin resistance and reducing inflammation and cholesterol.

## Contribution

The paper compiles and summarizes various research findings on ashwagandha's mechanisms in managing metabolic syndrome.

## Key findings

- Ashwagandha improves insulin sensitivity and pancreatic insulin secretion.
- It reduces oxidative stress and inflammation while lowering cholesterol.
- Ashwagandha modulates gene expression related to lipid metabolism and bile acid secretion.

## Abstract

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha or Indian winter cherry, belongs to the Solanaceae family. W. somnifera, particularly its powdered root, is a fundamental component of traditional Indian medicine. W. somnifera (Ashwagandha) exhibits pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-stress, and neuroprotective effects in animal models. Also, preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate its anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties. In rodent studies, ashwagandha regulates apoptosis and modulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as well as mitochondrial activity. Additionally, it improves endothelial function in rats, dogs, and human brain endothelial cells. Research conducted in both living organisms and controlled laboratory conditions has demonstrated that W. somnifera alleviates the symptoms of metabolic syndrome. It positively affects diabetes by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), α-glucosidase, and α-amylase, while simultaneously increasing pancreatic insulin secretion and improving insulin sensitivity in organs. It has a vasodilatory and diuretic effect. Ashwagandha reduces the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. It modulates the gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ. It regulates the gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c and CYP7A1. It increases the secretion of bile acids that eliminate excess cholesterol. It reduces oxidative stress and inflammation while protecting the body from the harmful effects of elevated cholesterol. This study aims to compile a variety of research findings on the effectiveness of ashwagandha in managing metabolic syndrome.