# Training and race-induced coordination of oxidative stress markers in racehorses: insights from multivariate and univariate analyses

## TL;DR

Training and racing in racehorses leads to changes in oxidative stress markers and better coordination between antioxidant responses.

## Contribution

The study shows how training and racing induce coordinated changes in oxidative stress markers using multivariate analysis.

## Key findings

- Training and racing increase coordination among SOD, TAOC, and TBARS after exercise.
- AOPP remains weakly correlated with other markers, suggesting distinct regulatory dynamics.
- Multivariate analysis reveals systemic redox adaptation beyond univariate trends.

## Abstract

Oxidative stress is a major physiological challenge in racehorses and may be modulated through training-induced adaptation.

Repeated exercise will induce not only biomarker-specific changes but also will enhance coordination between oxidative and antioxidative responses in racehorses.

Thirty-one clinically healthy racehorses (9 Thoroughbreds, 22 Arabians; 12 mares, 19 stallions) from a single training center.

Prospective cohort study. Serum concentrations of oxidative stress markers (advanced oxidation protein products [AOPPs], superoxide dismutase [SOD], total antioxidant capacity [TAOC], and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and 30 min after standardized exercise at 3 time points: early training (T1), post-training (T2), and after a race (R). Univariate analysis assessed fold changes (FC), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical clustering were used to examine inter-marker coordination. The primary outcome was systemic redox adaptation over time.

Post-exercise, AOPP, and SOD increased (median log-fold change, 0.13 and 0.05; approximately 1.14× and 1.05×; P = .03 and P = .01), whereas TBARS and TAOC showed no significant univariate changes. Superoxide dismutase responses were larger after races than after training (P < .05). Principal component analysis and correlation matrices identified enhanced post-exercise coordination among TBARS, SOD and TAOC (eg, TBARS-SOD r = 071), whereas AOPP remained weakly correlated, consistent with distinct regulatory dynamics.

Structured training and racing were associated with a post-exercise reorganization of the redox profile (tighter coupling among SOD, TAOC and TBARS) with AOPP remaining relatively independent. These data strengthen existing evidence for training-related redox adaptation and highlight the added value of multivariate analysis for capturing inter-marker coordination beyond univariate trends.