# Limitations to causal inference in observational studies of PFO closure

**Authors:** Iyas Daghlas

PMC · DOI: 10.1093/esj/23969873251368726 · European Stroke Journal · 2026-01-01

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** thromboembolic (MESH:D013923), CS (MESH:D006223), atrial fibrillation (MESH:D001281), ischemic stroke (MESH:D002544), stroke (MESH:D020521), atrial septal aneurysm (MESH:D006344), ORCID iD (MESH:C535742), cardioembolic stroke (MESH:D000083262)
- **Chemicals:** PFOC (-)
- **Species:** Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

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## References

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12866205