# Gut microbial signatures in schizophrenia: exploring archaea, fungi, and bacteria

## TL;DR

This study explores gut microbial differences in schizophrenia patients, focusing on archaea, fungi, and bacteria, and identifies potential biomarkers for diagnosis.

## Contribution

The study identifies gut microbial signatures of archaea and fungi in schizophrenia, which have been previously overlooked.

## Key findings

- Schizophrenia patients had lower archaeal α-diversity compared to healthy controls.
- Functional differences between groups were found in glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolic pathways.
- Diagnostic biomarkers from archaeal, fungal, and bacterial species were identified with AUCs between 0.69 and 0.74.

## Abstract

Gut microbial, mainly bacterial dysbiosis, has been demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia (SCH). However, the signatures and differences of minority gut microbiota in SCH, such as archaea and fungi, have been poorly addressed.

We obtained stool samples from 61 SCH patients and 69 healthy controls (HC), and analyzed the compositional and functional alterations of gut archaea, fungi, and bacteria using metagenomic shotgun sequencing (MSS). Additionally, we developed potential biomarkers to distinguish SCH from HC.

SCH patients showed significantly lower archaeal α-diversity compared with that of HC. Whereas there were significant differences between SCH and HC in β-diversity at the species level of archaea, fungi and bacteria. Meanwhile, the functional differences between the two groups were concentrated in glucose, lipid and amino acid metabolic pathways. Furthermore, we established potential diagnostic archaeal (9 species, AUC = 0.73), fungal (8 species, AUC = 0.69), and bacterial (22 species, AUC = 0.74) microbiomes for differentiating SCH patients from HC.

This study describes a more comprehensive understanding of abnormal gut microbiome in SCH and might provide candidate targets for the development of a microbe-based diagnosis for SCH.

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000032118, registration date: 2020/04/20.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12888-025-07721-3.