# Evaluation of Indigo Naturalis Prepared Using a Novel Method: Anti‐Inflammatory Activities Against Colonic Cancer Cell Lines

## TL;DR

A new method of preparing indigo naturalis (NIN) shows anti-inflammatory effects in colon cancer cells, potentially by targeting specific signaling pathways.

## Contribution

The novel preparation method of indigo naturalis and its mechanism of action via AhR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in colonic inflammation and cancer are newly explored.

## Key findings

- NIN reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and restores mucin secretion in inflammatory cancer cells.
- NIN inhibits HT-29 cell proliferation by modulating AhR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
- AhR antagonist CH223191 blocks NIN's effects, confirming the role of AhR signaling in its mechanism.

## Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancerous transformation of UC is closely associated with chronic inflammation of colonic tissues. Indigo naturalis (IN) prepared using a novel method (NIN) has exhibited beneficial efficacy against inflammatory and cancerous colonic cells. However, the underlying mechanism still remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to construct an inflammation model by the HT‐29 colonic cancer cell line and to investigate the effect of NIN on an inflammatory cancer state and the possible mechanism. The results showed that NIN could reduce the increased expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β in the inflammatory cancer cells and attenuate the inflammatory response; elevate the low expression of MUC2 in the inflammatory cancer state and restore the mucin secretion function; and inhibit the proliferation of HT‐29 cells. Based on the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway, NIN increases the expression of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway inhibitor Rnf43, inhibits the expression of nonphosphorylated β‐catenin, and reduces the level of the pathway downstream target gene Axin2, which in turn inhibits the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway and inhibits the expression of Lgr5, a stem cell gene of colorectal cancer (CAC). The production of the above effects of NIN was blocked by the AhR antagonist CH223191. The in vitro studies verified that NIN alleviated UC by activing AhR signaling pathway, which in turn inhibited the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. The possible mechanism of NIN on UC could be explained starting from the inflammation‐cancer transformation. Furthermore, comprehensive research is expected between inflammation and cancer development.