# Plant‐Pollinator Interactions in Grasslands Established on Arable Land

## TL;DR

Newly created grasslands on farmland can support diverse pollinators and plant interactions as effectively as older grasslands, helping to conserve biodiversity.

## Contribution

Demonstrates that newly established grasslands can maintain complex plant-pollinator networks similar to old grasslands.

## Key findings

- Newly established grasslands had higher pollinator visitation frequency and diversity per plant species compared to old grasslands.
- Pollinator groups showed distinct plant family and color preferences, with generalist pollinators and key plant species maintaining network connectivity.
- Network structure in new grasslands was comparable to old grasslands in terms of nestedness and specialization.

## Abstract

Newly established grasslands and flower strips on arable land aim to counteract ongoing biodiversity loss, often specifically designed to promote pollinators. However, their effectiveness in supporting diverse and stable plant–pollinator networks remains not fully understood. We compared plant–pollinator interactions in newly established grasslands, 5–6 years after sowing on arable land, and old, permanent grasslands in a Central European agricultural region. Across 1095 recorded interactions, we found significantly higher pollinator visitation frequency and diversity per plant species in newly established grasslands than in old grasslands, particularly for solitary bees and syrphids. Network analyses revealed comparable nestedness and specialization in newly established grasslands and old grasslands. Distinct plant family and color preferences emerged among pollinator groups, with bumble bees favoring Fabaceae, syrphids visiting especially Apiaceae and Rubiaceae, and butterflies preferring Fabaceae and Caryophyllaceae. Several generalist pollinators and key plant species played central roles in both grassland types, highlighting their importance for network connectivity. Our findings suggest that carefully designed new grasslands can support diverse plant–pollinator networks and contribute meaningfully to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes.

We compared plant‐pollinator networks in newly established and old, permanent grasslands in a Central European agricultural landscape. Newly established grasslands showed higher pollinator visitation frequency and diversity per plant species, especially for solitary bees and syrphids, with a comparable network structure to old grasslands. Our findings suggest that carefully designed new grasslands can support diverse plant‐pollinator networks and contribute to biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes.