# Structural and developmental insights into the muscles involved in lionfish (Pterois spp.) vocalisations

## TL;DR

This study explores the anatomy and development of sonic muscles in lionfish species, revealing insights into their role in vocalizations and buoyancy control.

## Contribution

The study provides new anatomical and developmental data on sonic muscles in invasive lionfish species, shedding light on their potential functions.

## Key findings

- Both Pterois volitans and Pterois miles have bilaterally symmetric extrinsic sonic swimbladder muscles.
- Sonic muscles in P. volitans increase linearly with body size but show no sexual dimorphism.
- An additional pair of anterior extrinsic muscles may also contribute to sound production.

## Abstract

Vocal signalling is an important mode of communication in fishes. The two species of lionfish in the Pterois complex, the Indo‐Pacific lionfish (Pterois volitans) and the red lionfish (Pterois miles), are both known to produce different types of sounds with sonic muscles attached to the swimbladder. However, the specific mechanism and the functions of these vocalisations in these invasive species are still unknown. We used three‐dimensional bioimaging to describe the anatomy of the sonic muscles of both species. We further quantified the muscles of P. volitans to specifically explore how muscles developed across ontogeny and to test the hypothesis that sonic muscles would show sexual dimorphism if they were a sexually selected trait. Both P. volitans and P. miles showed a physoclistous swimbladder with a bilaterally symmetric pair of extrinsic sonic swimbladder muscles (ESSMs), which have been suggested to control buoyancy and generate vocalisations. Both species also displayed an additional pair of anterior extrinsic muscles, which projected dorsoventrally from the spinal column and inserted onto the anterior wall of the swimbladder, potentially also having a role in sound production. Both types of sonic muscles were present across ontogeny. Quantification of the posterior belly of the ESSMs in P. volitans showed that both the length and mass of these muscles in both mature and immature individuals increased linearly with body size. There were no ontogenetic or sex differences in sonic muscle investment between individuals. Given the primary function of these muscles is to control the swimbladder for buoyancy, this may constrain the modification of these muscles relative to body size, or they may have no differences in their acoustic function between sexes or across ontogeny.