# Analogous environments across the tropics have similar levels of tree species alpha diversity

## TL;DR

Tree species diversity in tropical regions is similarly influenced by environmental factors, despite differences in species pools.

## Contribution

The study reveals a consistent relationship between environmental variables and tree species richness across different tropical continents.

## Key findings

- Climatic, soil, and topographical variables explain about 86% of the variation in tree species richness.
- Environmental relationships with tree diversity are similar across continents despite differing species pools.
- Niche-based mechanisms appear to universally influence local tree diversity.

## Abstract

Different regions of the tropics vary in overall tree species diversity, with the tropical Americas exhibiting strikingly higher regional tree species richness than Africa and Southeast Asia. We investigated whether these differences also occur at the local scale and whether the environmental conditions associated with tree species richness are consistent across tropical regions despite highly dissimilar species pools. A spatial random forest model was trained by using a network of 429 1-hectare plots across the tropics, together with 24 environmental variables, to predict plot-level tree α diversity. A combination of climatic, soil and topographical variables explained ∼86% of the variation in richness. Despite differences in regional species pools and the potentially disruptive effects of different geological, climatic and evolutionary histories, the relationship between environmental variables and local-scale tree species richness is closely similar across different continents. Our findings imply a pervasive role of niche-based mechanisms in structuring local tree species richness, regardless of the regional species assemblages. This pantropical convergence in the richness–environment relationship poses a challenge for ecology to explain.