# Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS-Ar) in patients with temporomandibular disorders

## TL;DR

This study translated and validated the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale for Arabic-speaking patients with temporomandibular disorders, showing it is reliable and valid.

## Contribution

The study provides a culturally adapted and validated Arabic version of the JFLS for assessing functional limitations in TMD patients.

## Key findings

- The JFLS-Ar showed moderate correlations with OHIP5-Ar and NPRS, indicating good construct validity.
- Test-retest reliability was excellent for all JFLS-Ar versions, with ICC values above 0.95.
- Internal consistency was strong, with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.938 for the full version and 0.852 for the short form.

## Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a group of musculoskeletal conditions characterized by orofacial pain and functional impairments. The Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS) is a patient-reported outcome measure recommended by the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders. The aim of the study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the JFLS for the Arabic language and to test its validity and reliability in Egyptian patients with TMDs.

The JFLS was translated and cross-culturally adapted into Modern Standard Arabic according to standard guidelines. The construct validity was assessed in 54 patients with TMD who completed the Arabic versions of JFLS (JFLS-Ar), the Arabic version of Oral Health Impact Profile 5 (OHIP5-Ar), and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). Test–retest reliability was estimated in 30 participants who completed the JFLS-Ar again within seven days. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency of the items in the JFLS-Ar.

The total score (0–200) of the JFLS-Ar showed moderate correlations with both OHIP5-Ar (ρ = 0.58, p < 0.001) and NPRS (ρ = 0.56, p < 0.001). The global score (average of the three domain scores, 0–10) showed moderate correlations with both OHIP5-Ar (ρ = 0.56, p < 0.001) and NPRS (ρ = 0.56, p < 0.001). The short form global score (average of 8 specific items, 0–10) showed moderate correlations with both OHIP5-Ar (ρ = 0.61, p < 0.001) and NPRS (ρ = 0.6, p < 0.001). The total score showed excellent test–retest reliability with an ICC of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95–0.99), Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) of 6.17, and Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) of 17.1. The global score showed excellent test–retest reliability with an ICC of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.93–0.98), SEM of 0.38, and MDC of 1.06. The short form global score showed excellent test–retest reliability with an ICC of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98–0.995), SEM of 0.2, and MDC of 0.55. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the 20-item JFLS-Ar and the 8‐item JFLS-Ar was 0.938 and 0.852, respectively.

The JFLS-Ar represents a valid and reliable instrument for use in Arabic-speaking patients with TMDs.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-025-07392-2.