# A novel, non-invasive cnidarian venom extraction device

## TL;DR

A new non-invasive device was developed to extract venom from cnidarians, enabling better research into their potentially therapeutic toxins.

## Contribution

The novel device allows non-invasive venom extraction from cnidarians, overcoming previous sampling limitations.

## Key findings

- The device successfully collected venom from 12 cnidarian species across three taxonomic groups.
- Venom activity was preserved using cold acetone precipitation.
- Phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity was first observed in cnidarian venoms.

## Abstract

Cnidaria represent one of the most ancient venomous lineages with thousands of extant species and their toxins have long been known to signify a source of therapeutic potential. Despite this recognition, cnidarian toxin research has progressed relatively slowly when compared to other taxa. One of the major factors for this slow development pertains to the difficulties involved with obtaining samples, particularly from benthic species which are sessile, where dissected tissues have historically been required. Additionally, the instability of marine venoms has further hindered progression of cnidarian venom research. The research presented aimed to address these issues through the design and development of a novel, non-invasive, venom extraction device that works on a range of cnidarian species. The device functioned underwater at depths ranging from 50 mm down to 5 m whilst scuba diving and was able to successfully obtain venom samples from all 12 species tested. These species were from three taxonomic groups Actiniaria (sea anemones), Scleractinia (corals) and Scyphozoan (Jellyfish) with four species from each. These venom samples revealed the expected phospholipase A2 activity but also the four Scleractinia venoms demonstrated phospholipase A2 inhibitory properties. This is the first description of phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity in cnidarian venoms and further work is required for full characterisation.

•An inexpensive, non-invasive device for collecting Cnidarian venom.•Post harvest concentration of Cnidarian venom from seawater with cold acetone precipitation preserved venom activity.•Phospholipase A2 activity from Cnidarian venoms collected and first indication of PLA2 inhibitory activity in Cnidaria.

An inexpensive, non-invasive device for collecting Cnidarian venom.

Post harvest concentration of Cnidarian venom from seawater with cold acetone precipitation preserved venom activity.

Phospholipase A2 activity from Cnidarian venoms collected and first indication of PLA2 inhibitory activity in Cnidaria.