# Impact of bile salts, biopolymer coatings, and food matrix on bilosome-mediated delivery of trans-resveratrol

## TL;DR

This study shows that bilosomes improve the delivery of trans-resveratrol compared to liposomes, but their performance depends on coatings and food matrix interactions.

## Contribution

First evaluation of bilosome behavior in a real food matrix for trans-resveratrol delivery.

## Key findings

- Bilosomes increased t-res bioaccessibility to 90%, outperforming liposomes at 70%.
- Biopolymer coatings reduced t-res bioaccessibility to 8–40% depending on concentration.
- Oat milk enhanced t-res bioaccessibility by ~1.2-fold in both liposomes and bilosomes.

## Abstract

This study compared liposomes, bilosomes, and biopolymer-coated bilosomes for trans-resveratrol (t-res) delivery, evaluating the effects of bile salts, biopolymer coatings, and oat milk (OM) on digestion behaviour, bioaccessibility, and intestinal absorption. The bioaccessibility of t-res increased by 1.82-fold with liposomes and by 2.14–2.32-fold with bilosomes. Ex vivo absorption studies using murine intestinal tissue confirmed enhanced uptake and tissue accumulation with bilosomes, reaching 16.801 μM compared to 0.400 μM for liposomes. Coating bilosomes with chitosan (CH) and polygalacturonic acid (PGA) improved stability and surface properties but reduced bioaccessibility to 8–40%, depending on biopolymer concentration. The OM influenced both initial and digestion-related properties, enhancing bioaccessibility in uncoated systems while reducing intestinal tissue accumulation of t-res. Overall, these findings indicate that bilosomes outperform liposomes for hydrophobic compound delivery; however, their performance is highly formulation-dependent and strongly influenced by food matrix interactions, underscoring the importance of consumption context in functional food design.

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•Bilosome behaviour was evaluated for the first time in a real food matrix.•t-res bioaccessibility reached 90% with bilosomes vs 70% with liposomes.•Biopolymer-coated bilosomes showed 8–40% t-res bioaccessibility.•Oat milk increased t-res bioaccessibility ∼1.2-fold in liposomes and bilosomes.•Bilosomes enabled intestine-targeted oral delivery and improved t-res absorption.

Bilosome behaviour was evaluated for the first time in a real food matrix.

t-res bioaccessibility reached 90% with bilosomes vs 70% with liposomes.

Biopolymer-coated bilosomes showed 8–40% t-res bioaccessibility.

Oat milk increased t-res bioaccessibility ∼1.2-fold in liposomes and bilosomes.

Bilosomes enabled intestine-targeted oral delivery and improved t-res absorption.