# ABI5-binding proteins are substrates of key components in the ABA core signaling pathway affecting seeds

## TL;DR

This paper shows that ABI5-binding proteins (AFPs) are regulated by key ABA signaling components and act as hubs in controlling seed responses to ABA.

## Contribution

The study identifies AFPs as substrates of SnRK2s and PP2Cs and reveals their role as hubs in the ABA signaling pathway.

## Key findings

- AFPs interact with all components of the ABA core signaling pathway and are substrates for SnRK2s and PP2Cs.
- Phosphorylation of AFP2 affects its stability, localization, and effectiveness in inhibiting ABA response.
- AFPs interact with MAP kinases and 14-3-3 proteins, linking them to ABI5-related transcription factor regulation.

## Abstract

The central components of the ABA core signaling pathway are families of receptors, clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs), SNF1-related protein kinases (SnRK2s), and diverse sets of proteins regulated by phosphorylation via these kinases, including basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors such as ABA-INSENSITIVE(ABI)5. The larger network of ABA signaling factors includes additional kinases and E3 ligases that modify these components to affect their activity and stability. ABI5-binding proteins (AFPs) are negative regulators of ABA response, and this study shows that Arabidopsis thaliana AFPs interact with specific family members of all components of this pathway and are substrates for SnRK2s and PP2Cs. AFPs also interact with subsets of MAP kinases (MPKs) and 14-3-3 proteins previously found to regulate the activity of the ABI5-related clade of transcription factors. Residues predicted to be phosphorylated are conserved between AFPs, but are located within regions predicted to be unstructured. ABA promotes phosphorylation of AFP2, but conditions that prevent phosphorylation of AFP2 result in decreased stability, a shift in localization toward dispersed foci, and reduced effectiveness for inhibiting ABA response at germination. Thus, AFP2 appears to be an important hub in the ABA core signaling pathway.

An inhibitor of ABA-INSENSITIVE5 is proposed to act as a hub in ABA signaling, and its stability, localization, and function are regulated by changes in phosphorylation state.