# SPAC: a scalable and integrated enterprise platform for single-cell spatial analysis

## TL;DR

SPAC is a user-friendly platform that enables fast and collaborative analysis of large-scale single-cell spatial data, making it accessible to non-technical researchers.

## Contribution

SPAC introduces a scalable, web-based platform integrating high-performance computing and GPU acceleration for single-cell spatial analysis.

## Key findings

- SPAC achieved a 20-fold speedup in clustering time using GPU acceleration on a 2.6-million-cell dataset.
- The platform supports fine-grained spatial profiling of tumor microenvironment compartments.
- SPAC enables reproducible and collaborative workflows for diverse user roles.

## Abstract

Advancements in spatially resolved single-cell technologies are transforming our understanding of tissue architecture and disease microenvironments. However, analyzing the resulting high-dimensional, gigabyte-scale datasets remains challenging due to fragmented workflows, intensive computational requirements, and a lack of accessible, user-friendly tools for non-technical researchers.

We introduce SPAC (analysis of SPAtial single-Cell datasets), a scalable, web-based platform for efficient and reproducible single-cell spatial analysis. SPAC employs a four-tier architecture that includes a modular Python-based analysis engine, seamless integration with high-performance computing (HPC) and GPU acceleration, an interactive browser interface for no-code workflow configuration, and a real-time visualization layer powered by Shiny for Python dashboards. This design empowers distinct user roles: data scientists can extend and customize analysis modules, while bench scientists can execute complete workflows and interactively explore results without coding. Built-in reproducibility features and collaborative workflow support ensure that analyses are transparent and easily shared across research teams. Using a 2.6-million-cell multiplex imaging dataset from a 4T1 breast tumor model as a benchmark, SPAC reduced unsupervised clustering time from ~3 hours on a CPU to under 10 minutes with GPU acceleration, achieving more than a 20-fold speedup. It also enabled fine-grained spatial profiling of distinct tumor microenvironment compartments, demonstrating the platform’s scalability and performance.

SPAC addresses major barriers in single-cell spatial analysis by uniting an intuitive, user-friendly interface with scalable, high-performance computation in a robust and reproducible framework. By streamlining complex analyses and bridging the gap between experimental and computational researchers, SPAC fosters collaborative workflows and accelerates the transformation of large-scale spatial datasets into actionable biological insights.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-025-06339-2.