# Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) in Dentistry: Narrative Review for Mechanisms and Emerging Clinical Applications **Authors:** Jeong-Kui Ku, Pil-Young Yun, Yeong Kon Jeong PMC · DOI: 10.1007/s13770-025-00776-z · 2026-01-17 ## TL;DR This paper reviews how polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) can help in dental treatments by reducing inflammation and promoting tissue regeneration, but more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness. ## Contribution The paper provides a comprehensive narrative review of PDRN's mechanisms and clinical applications in dentistry, highlighting its potential and limitations. ## Key findings - PDRN promotes osteogenesis and vascularization when used with bone graft scaffolds. - PDRN shows anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects in temporomandibular joint disorders. - PDRN may help manage inflammatory oral diseases like peri-implantitis and osteonecrosis of the jaw. ## Abstract Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) has emerged as a promising and cost-effective biological agent in regenerative medicine due to its anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and tissue-regenerative properties. This review outlines the mechanisms of action of PDRN, namely activation of the A2A receptor and nucleotide provision via the salvage pathway, and summarizes its biological roles in dental regeneration together with current preclinical and clinical evidence. In dentistry, PDRN has been shown to enhance osteogenesis and vascularization when used with bone graft scaffolds, to exert anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects in temporomandibular joint disorders, and to modulate pain pathways in neuropathic conditions. It has also demonstrated adjunctive benefits in managing inflammatory oral diseases such as peri-implantitis and medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, where its dual regenerative and anti-inflammatory actions support both soft- and hard-tissue healing. Although these findings highlight broad therapeutic potential, current evidence remains limited. Most reports derive from preclinical experiments or small-scale clinical studies, and well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to validate efficacy of PDRN and define its optimal clinical indications in evidence-based dental protocols. ## Full-text entities - **Genes:** CTNNB1 (catenin beta 1) [NCBI Gene 1499] {aka CTNNB, EVR7, MRD19, NEDSDV, armadillo}, HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) [NCBI Gene 3146] {aka HMG-1, HMG1, HMG3, SBP-1}, IL1B (interleukin 1 beta) [NCBI Gene 3553] {aka IL-1, IL1-BETA, IL1F2, IL1beta}, NOS2 (nitric oxide synthase 2) [NCBI Gene 4843] {aka HEP-NOS, INOS, NOS, NOS2A}, SPP1 (secreted phosphoprotein 1) [NCBI Gene 6696] {aka BNSP, BSPI, ETA-1, OPN}, STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) [NCBI Gene 6774] {aka ADMIO, ADMIO1, APRF, HIES}, ANGPT1 (angiopoietin 1) [NCBI Gene 284] {aka AGP1, AGPT, AGPT-1, ANG1, HAE5}, BCL2 (BCL2 apoptosis regulator) [NCBI Gene 596] {aka Bcl-2, PPP1R50}, CREB1 (cAMP responsive element binding protein 1) [NCBI Gene 1385] {aka CREB, CREB-1}, ACTA1 (actin alpha 1, skeletal muscle) [NCBI Gene 58] {aka ACTA, ASMA, CFTD, CFTD1, CFTDM, CMYO2A}, CHRNA4 (cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 4 subunit) [NCBI Gene 1137] {aka BFNC, EBN, EBN1, NACHR, NACHRA4, NACRA4}, RUNX2 (RUNX family transcription factor 2) [NCBI Gene 860] {aka AML3, CBF-alpha-1, CBFA1, CCD, CCD1, CLCD}, AR (androgen receptor) [NCBI Gene 367] {aka AIS, AR8, DHTR, HPCX3, HUMARA, HYSP1}, PRKAA1 (protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1) [NCBI Gene 5562] {aka AMPK, AMPK alpha 1, AMPKa1}, USB1 (U6 snRNA biogenesis phosphodiesterase 1) [NCBI Gene 79650] {aka C16orf57, HVSL1, Mpn1, PN, hMpn1, hUsb1}, RAPGEF4 (Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4) [NCBI Gene 11069] {aka CAMP-GEFII, CGEF2, EPAC, EPAC 2, EPAC2, Nbla00496}, IL6 (interleukin 6) [NCBI Gene 3569] {aka BSF-2, BSF2, CDF, HGF, HSF, IFN-beta-2}, PECAM1 (platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1) [NCBI Gene 5175] {aka CD31, CD31/EndoCAM, GPIIA', PECA1, PECAM-1, endoCAM}, MMP2 (matrix metallopeptidase 2) [NCBI Gene 4313] {aka CLG4, CLG4A, MMP-2, MMP-II, MONA, TBE-1}, IL10 (interleukin 10) [NCBI Gene 3586] {aka CSIF, GVHDS, IL-10, IL10A, TGIF}, ADORA2B (adenosine A2b receptor) [NCBI Gene 136] {aka ADORA2}, ALPP (alkaline phosphatase, placental) [NCBI Gene 250] {aka ALP, PALP, PLAP, PLAP-1}, Il6 (interleukin 6) [NCBI Gene 16193] {aka Il-6}, TNFRSF11B (TNF receptor superfamily member 11b) [NCBI Gene 4982] {aka OCIF, OPG, PDB5, TR1}, ADORA2A (adenosine A2a receptor) [NCBI Gene 135] {aka A2aR, ADORA2, RDC8}, BAX (BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator) [NCBI Gene 581] {aka BCL2L4}, IL10 (interleukin 10) [NCBI Gene 403628] {aka IL-10}, NFKB1 (nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1) [NCBI Gene 4790] {aka CVID12, EBP-1, KBF1, NF-kB, NF-kB1, NF-kappa-B1}, MAP2K7 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7) [NCBI Gene 5609] {aka JNKK2, MAPKK7, MEK, MEK 7, MKK7, PRKMK7}, IL13 (interleukin 13) [NCBI Gene 3596] {aka IL-13, P600}, MAPK1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 1) [NCBI Gene 5594] {aka ERK, ERK-2, ERK2, ERT1, MAPK2, NS13}, CXCR6 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 6) [NCBI Gene 10663] {aka BONZO, CD186, CDw186, STRL33, TYMSTR}, Vegfa (vascular endothelial growth factor A) [NCBI Gene 22339] {aka L-VEGF, Vegf, Vpf}, HNF4A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha) [NCBI Gene 3172] {aka FRTS4, HNF4, HNF4a7, HNF4a8, HNF4a9, HNF4alpha}, IGKV2D-29 (immunoglobulin kappa variable 2D-29) [NCBI Gene 28882] {aka A2a, A2c, IGKV2D29}, MAPK8 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 8) [NCBI Gene 5599] {aka JNK, JNK-46, JNK1, JNK1A2, JNK21B1/2, PRKM8}, Il1 (interleukin 1 complex) [NCBI Gene 111343] {aka Il-1}, BGLAP (bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein) [NCBI Gene 632] {aka BGP, OC, OCN}, IL12B (interleukin 12B) [NCBI Gene 3593] {aka CLMF, CLMF2, IL-12B, IMD28, IMD29, NKSF}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 403922] {aka TNFA, TNLG1F, cTNF}, VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) [NCBI Gene 7422] {aka L-VEGF, MVCD1, VEGF, VPF}, TNFSF11 (TNF superfamily member 11) [NCBI Gene 8600] {aka CD254, ODF, OPGL, OPTB2, RANKL, TNLG6B}, COL1A1 (collagen type I alpha 1 chain) [NCBI Gene 1277] {aka CAFYD, EDSARTH1, EDSC, OI1, OI2, OI3}, BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) [NCBI Gene 627] {aka ANON2, BULN2}, TNF (tumor necrosis factor) [NCBI Gene 7124] {aka DIF, IMD127, TNF-alpha, TNFA, TNFSF2, TNLG1F}, FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2) [NCBI Gene 2247] {aka BFGF, FGF-2, FGFB, HBGF-2}, VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) [NCBI Gene 403802] {aka VEGF} - **Diseases:** bacterial (MESH:D001424), diabetic ulcers (MESH:D017719), somatosensory (MESH:D020886), mucositis (MESH:D052016), neuroinflammation (MESH:D000090862), lichen sclerosus (MESH:D018459), Infection (MESH:D007239), nerves (MESH:C537568), periodontal (MESH:D010518), osteoarthritis (MESH:D010003), mandibular deviation (MESH:D008338), Oral mucosa autoimmune diseases (MESH:D001327), sclerosis (MESH:D012598), anterior cruciate ligament injury (MESH:D000070598), ischemic (MESH:D002545), peripheral nerve trauma (MESH:D010523), head and neck cancer (MESH:D006258), osteonecrosis of the jaw (MESH:D059266), oral mucosal (MESH:D013280), Neuropathic pain (MESH:D009437), OLP (MESH:D017676), pressure sores (MESH:D003668), ulceration (MESH:D014456), PN (MESH:C565820), joint degeneration (MESH:D009410), hypoxic (MESH:D002534), bursitis (MESH:D002062), hypoxia (MESH:D000860), edema (MESH:D004487), allodynia (MESH:D006930), ischemia (MESH:D007511), injury (MESH:D014947), joint disorders (MESH:D007592), bone defect (MESH:D001847), diabetic (MESH:D003920), chronic (MESH:D002908), peripheral nerve injuries (MESH:D059348), tendinitis (MESH:D052256), mucocutaneous disorder (MESH:D007897), Inflammatory (MESH:D007249), connective tissue disorders (MESH:D003240), tendon injuries (MESH:D013708), Traumatic neuropathies (MESH:D020209), CRPS (MESH:D020918), abscess (MESH:D000038), dysfunction of (MESH:D006331), dehiscence (MESH:D013529), Peri-implantitis (MESH:D057873), TMD (MESH:D013705), fasciitis (MESH:D005208), avascular necrosis (MESH:D010020), inferior alveolar nerve (MESH:D000080902), osteogenesis (MESH:D010013), oral diseases (MESH:D009059), arthritis (MESH:D001168), TMJ osteoarthritis (MESH:D013706), necrotic (MESH:D009336), pain (MESH:D010146) - **Chemicals:** Adenosine (MESH:D000241), d-glucose (MESH:D005947), PDRN (MESH:D011089), deoxyribonucleotide (MESH:D003854), calcium (MESH:D002118), purine (MESH:C030985), 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (MESH:C057837), PN (MESH:D011119), nitric oxide (MESH:D009569), Placentex (-), oxygen (MESH:D010100), E (MESH:D004540), ATP (MESH:D000255), AMP (MESH:D000249), cAMP (MESH:D000242), ROS (MESH:D017382), adenine (MESH:D000225), LPS (MESH:D008070), bisphosphonate (MESH:D004164), hyaluronic acid (MESH:D006820), zoledronic acid (MESH:D000077211) - **Species:** Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout, species) [taxon 8022], Salmo trutta (river trout, species) [taxon 8032], Rubroshorea almon (species) [taxon 292004], Oncorhynchus keta (chum salmon, species) [taxon 8018], Canis lupus familiaris (dog, subspecies) [taxon 9615], Mus musculus (house mouse, species) [taxon 10090], Rattus norvegicus (brown rat, species) [taxon 10116], Oncorhynchus masou (cherry salmon, species) [taxon 8020], Oryctolagus cuniculus (domestic rabbit, species) [taxon 9986], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606] - **Mutations:** A2A, A2A ## Figures 3 figures with captions in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12855666/full.md --- Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC12855666