# Integrated metabolomics and metagenomics uncover pathogenic mechanisms of Fusarium wilt and faba bean defense responses

## TL;DR

This study combines metabolomics and metagenomics to understand how Fusarium wilt affects faba beans and how the plants defend themselves.

## Contribution

The integration of host metabolic responses and microbiome changes provides new insights into Fusarium wilt pathogenesis.

## Key findings

- Faba bean roots reprogram key metabolic pathways in response to Fusarium infection.
- Fusarium wilt alters the rhizosphere microbiota and soil element cycling gene abundance.
- The study identifies potential biomarkers for disease diagnosis and biocontrol targets.

## Abstract

Fusarium wilt diseases pose a huge threat to faba bean (Vicia faba L.) production globally, with significant outbreaks in Chongqing, China. Symptomatic plants showed wilting leaves and rotten roots, ultimately perishing in the advanced stage. Morphological features, multilocus phylogenetic analyses, and pathogenicity tests demonstrated that the primary causal agent was Fusarium oxysporum. Untargeted metabolomics of faba beans revealed substantial metabolic differences in the infected faba bean roots. Plants responded to fungal biotic stress by reprogramming key metabolic pathways, including alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, the citrate cycle, arginine biosynthesis, and jasmonic acid metabolism, which collectively underscore activated defense responses. Metagenome sequencing showed that Fusarium wilt significantly reshaped the structure of the rhizosphere microbiota and affected the abundance of genes encoding element cycling in soil. This work elucidates the pathogenic mechanisms of F. oxysporum by integrating pathogen identification, host metabolism, and microbiome ecology. Our findings offer biomarkers for disease diagnosis and targets for biocontrol, advancing sustainable management of Fusarium wilt diseases in legumes.