The effects of total sleep deprivation on the circadian rhythms and psychophysiological factors in military cadets; a comparison between wakefulness in light and darkness

TL;DR

This study compares the effects of sleep deprivation in light versus darkness on military cadets, finding that light reduces morning sleepiness but disrupts circadian rhythms more.

Contribution

The novel contribution is comparing the effects of sleep deprivation under light versus darkness on circadian rhythms and psychophysiological factors in a military population.

Findings

Light at night reduced morning sleepiness but worsened cognitive performance compared to darkness.

SD in darkness led to faster resynchronisation of temperature rhythms and higher sweet taste preference.

Light exposure during SD caused more persistent disruptions to circadian rhythms.

Abstract

Both sleep deprivation (SD) and light at night have negative effects on human health and performance. The aim of our work was to compare the intermediate effects of total SD under two lighting conditions: full indoor lighting and darkness mimicking natural nocturnal wakefulness.

We examined melatonin levels during SD nights, locomotor activity and peripheral temperature rhythms, cognitive performance, mood, hunger, glycaemia and food preference after SD and recovery sleep. Statistical evaluation included ANOVA with FDR correction and confidence intervals.

SD transiently altered peripheral temperature rhythm and post-SD activity, with faster resynchronisation after SD in darkness. Subjective sleepiness increased after SD, with light at night alleviating morning sleepiness. Positive affect decreased after SD but normalised after recovery sleep in both groups. Negative affect worsened in the morning after SD in darkness. Cognitive performance declined after SD, but this effect was higher after SD in darkness. Preprandial glycaemia was higher after recovery sleep following SD in darkness, and sweet taste preference was significantly higher after SD in darkness.

Light exposure during SD may lead to lower subjective sleepiness and better cognitive performance the next morning compared to SD in darkness. However, light during SD also causes more pronounced and persistent disruptions to circadian rhythms of temperature and activity. This underscores the trade-off between the short-term benefits of nocturnal light exposure and its potential long-term impacts on circadian health.

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