Optimal exercise modalities and dose for enhancing intelligence in children and adolescents: a Bayesian network meta-analysis

TL;DR

This study finds that dual-task balance training is the most effective exercise for improving children's and adolescents' intelligence, with specific optimal duration and frequency.

Contribution

The study identifies dual-task balance training as the most effective exercise modality and determines an optimal exercise dose for enhancing intelligence in youth.

Findings

Exercise improves general, fluid, and crystallized intelligence in children and adolescents.

Dual-task balance training provides the most consistent benefits across all intelligence domains.

Optimal exercise involves sessions of ≥117.7 minutes, three times weekly for at least 11.12 weeks.

Abstract

To compare the effects of various exercise modalities on intelligence and determine the optimal exercise dose for children and adolescents.

A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Four databases were searched up to 1 April 2025. Eligible RCTs involved participants aged 5–18 years and assessed exercise interventions with intelligence outcomes (general, fluid, or crystallized). Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence interval or credible intervals were calculated. Dose-response relationships were analyzed using model-based network meta-analysis.

Fifteen RCTs with 3,400 participants were included. Exercise was linked to small-to-moderate improvements in general (SMD = 0.59), fluid (SMD = 0.43), and crystallized intelligence (SMD = 0.64). Dual-task balance training (DTBT) produced the most consistent and significant benefits across all domains. Yoga and multi-component exercise also showed positive effects. Optimal outcomes were achieved with sessions lasting ≥117.7 min, three times weekly, totaling 220 min per week for at least 11.12 weeks. An inverted U-shaped dose-response curve indicated diminishing returns beyond the optimal frequency and duration.

DTBT is the most effective exercise modality for improving intelligence in children and adolescents. The findings provide evidence-based guidance for designing school and clinical exercise programs to support cognitive development during growth.

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