# “My childhood affected my ability to be resilient in both good and bad ways”: A mixed methods examination on the links between adverse childhood experiences, resilience, and transactional sex among young South African women

## TL;DR

This study explores how childhood trauma affects resilience and transactional sex among young South African women, finding that resilience plays a complex role in their lives.

## Contribution

The study uniquely combines quantitative analysis with photovoice narratives to examine resilience in the context of adverse childhood experiences and transactional sex.

## Key findings

- Women with more adverse childhood experiences had significantly higher odds of engaging in transactional sex.
- Resilience measures did not statistically moderate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and transactional sex.
- Photovoice narratives revealed that resilience was perceived as both a protective and enabling factor in transactional sex relationships.

## Abstract

South African women are disproportionately impacted by HIV. Among these women, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common and have been linked to HIV risk behaviors, including transactional sex (TS). Resilience—or multi-level processes related to overcoming adversity—provides a strengths-based lens that may buffer effects between ACEs and TS.

We conducted a convergent mixed methods study among women aged 18–25 years in Mpumalanga, South Africa. We used logistic regression to assess the association between ACEs and TS; and tested moderation effects of five resilience scales across social-ecological levels hypothesized to dampen the effect of ACEs on TS. In parallel, we conducted a photovoice study that utilized participant-generated images and narratives, and thematic and sequence analysis to explore how women exposed to ACEs perceive and use resilience to navigate TS relationships.

Our analysis included 1,222 women aged 18–25 years, of whom 714 (58.43%) reported ACE exposure, with 519 (42.47%) reporting 1–2 ACEs and 195 (15.96%) reporting ≥3 ACEs; 340 (27.82%) reported TS. Women reporting ACE exposure had increased odds of TS compared to those without ACE exposure, controlling for confounders (AOR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.17–1.99, P = 0.002). Among women with histories of ACEs, women with ≥3 ACES had 2.55 times the odds of TS than those reporting 1–2 ACEs (95% CI: 1.79–3.63, P=<0.001). None of the resilience measures moderated effects between ACEs and TS. Through the photovoice study (n = 10), women described how ACEs necessitated resilience early in life; some applying it to avoid and others to sustain TS relationships.

We examined the interplay between resilience, ACEs, and TS. Although quantitative results showed resilience did not buffer negative effects of ACEs on TS, the photovoice findings suggest resilience was salient and influential in women’s lives. Future research should explore resilience measures and interventions that address the complex gender and power dynamics that exacerbate women’s exposure to TS and HIV.