# A systematic review of participatory research involving forensic mental health patients

## TL;DR

This systematic review explores how participatory research is used in forensic mental health settings and identifies key practices and challenges.

## Contribution

The study provides a framework of 'active ingredients' for successful participatory research in restrictive forensic mental health environments.

## Key findings

- Participatory research in forensic mental health depends on equal relationships and clear communication.
- Restrictive environments pose challenges but can be navigated through inclusive systems and co-production.
- A standardized reporting model is recommended to improve clarity and consistency in future studies.

## Abstract

There is currently limited information and guidance on utilising participatory research within forensic mental health settings. This systematic review aimed to explore the use of participatory research within those settings, identify helpful practices, barriers and challenges, as well as explore the impact reported of participatory research in research and knowledge production. Fourteen studies and eleven other types of publications have been identified from electronic databases, PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase, Web Of Science Core Collection, Google Scholar and ProQuest and hand searches of academic journals. Thematic analysis was used for synthesising data collected. Four themes were identified: (1) Building equal relationships, (2) Speaking the same language, (3) An involving system, (4) Impact for all. Analysis showed that the use of participatory research in such settings relies on human interaction and equal co-production within commonly restrictive and coercive environments. The complexity of participatory research is also reflected in its reporting. A standardised (but also flexible) model of reporting would be valuable for future research. In addition to summarizing the findings of research in this area, we have compiled a list of ‘active ingredients’ for the successful use of participatory research in forensic mental health settings.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12888-026-07813-8.