# Comorbidities in hospitalized patients with herpes zoster: an Italian retrospective observational study in the years 2011–2023

## TL;DR

This study examines how comorbidities affect mortality in hospitalized patients with herpes zoster in Italy from 2011 to 2023.

## Contribution

It quantifies the increased mortality risk from specific comorbidities and age in herpes zoster patients.

## Key findings

- Neoplasms and kidney disease significantly increase mortality risk in hospitalized HZ patients.
- Males with comorbidities have a higher risk of death than females.
- Age is the strongest predictor of mortality, with risk rising sharply after age 40.

## Abstract

Herpes Zoster (HZ) is caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV). Although aging is the most well-known risk factor for herpes zoster, little is known about the strength of the association between patient-related characteristics, including comorbidities, and their contribution to an increased risk of mortality, among patients hospitalized for HZ. The aim of this study was to assess hospitalization trends and the strength of this association.

This retrospective population-based study, conducted among all patients hospitalized with HZ in Italy, between January 1st 2011 and December 31st 2023, analysed Hospital Discharge Records (HDR) reporting the ICD-9-CM codes related to HZ infection. Comorbidities that induce a reduced response of VZV-specific cell-mediated immunity - such as malignant neoplasms, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus, autoimmune diseases - were considered. Poisson regressions models, adjusted for age classes and sex, were used to identify factors associated with an increased risk of death.

Between 2011 and 2023, 47,933 hospitalizations with HZ were recorded. HZ comorbidities were diagnosed in 27.71% of cases (13,280 hospitalizations). The analysis revealed that the presence of neoplasms (IRR: 3.15; 95% C.I. 2.61–3.78) and kidney disease (IRR: 2.05; 95% C.I. 1.66–2.53) increased the risk of death among patients hospitalized with HZ. In the presence of comorbidities, males had a higher risk of death than females, and age was the strongest predictor. The risk increased significantly after the age of 40, reaching an IRR of 37.16 in patients over 80 years old with neoplasms.

The findings of this Real-World study may raise awareness of the risks associated with HZ and support vaccination efforts to prevent infection, particularly among older adults and individuals with comorbidities.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-025-12319-x.