# Molecular gatekeepers: eukaryotic translation factors decoding plant–virus dynamics for resistance engineering

## TL;DR

This paper reviews how plant viruses exploit translation factors to spread and suggests engineering these factors to improve plant resistance.

## Contribution

The paper introduces an eukaryotic translation factor-centered framework for breeding virus-resistant crops.

## Key findings

- Plant viruses rely on host eIFs and eEFs for replication and movement.
- Targeting eTFs can reduce susceptibility without harming plant functions.
- CRISPR and RNAi are proposed as tools for resistance engineering.

## Abstract

Plant viruses are among the most significant biotic stressors, posing a severe threat to crop productivity and global food security. Their success largely depends on the exploitation of host eukaryotic translation factors (eTFs), including initiation factors (eIFs) and elongation factors (eEFs), which act as molecular gatekeepers of the viral life cycle. Key members such as eIF4E, eIF(iso)4E, eIF4G, eEF1A, and eEF1B have been identified as susceptibility factors that mediate viral translation, replication, and systemic movement. Viruses have co-evolved specialized proteins and RNA elements, including VPg and IRES structures, to hijack these host factors and circumvent plant defense barriers. This review synthesizes current understanding of the mechanistic roles of eTFs in virus–host dynamics and highlights strategies to mitigate viral stress. Approaches such as natural allele mining, induced mutagenesis, TILLING/EcoTILLING, RNA interference, and precise genome editing with CRISPR/Cas systems are explored as practical tools for reducing susceptibility. Targeted manipulation of eTFs offers a promising avenue to reprogram plants for resistance while maintaining essential cellular functions. By integrating molecular biology with applied strategies, we propose an eTF-centered framework for resistance breeding within a broader stress biology perspective. Future research combining functional genomics, synthetic biology, and breeding innovation will be pivotal in delivering broad-spectrum, durable, and environmentally sustainable resistance to plant viral stress.