Correction to: Adherence to psychotropic medication in completed suicide in Sweden 2006–2013: a forensic-toxicological matched case-control study

Abstract

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Correction to : European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2019) 75:1421–1430

10.1007/s00228-019-02707-z

Following publication, the authors were made aware that the toxicological analytical methods for certain included substances were not applied consistently across the entire study period. Specifically, variations in detection limits and related analytical criteria were identified between time periods, resulting in non-uniform measurement conditions for a subset of observations. In response, we conducted a comprehensive re-evaluation of the dataset and excluded all observations originating from time periods in which the predefined detection limits and analytical quality criteria were not met. This correction yielded updated numerical values in the affected analyses.

Impact on Conclusions

All corrections are numerical and do not affect the study’s results, interpretation, or conclusions.

The authors apologize for these errors.

The following corrections has been made to Table 2.

Table 2 Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for completed suicide conferred by biochemically verified partial adherence and non-adherence (defined, respectively, as partial congruence and incongruence between prescription-based measure of continuous medication use and postmortem forensic-toxicological findings)Completed suicides: non-suicide deaths****OR (95% CI)****aOR (95% CI) ^†^aOR (95% CI)^‡^AntipsychoticsAdherence2:181·0 (reference)1·0 (reference)1·0 (reference)Partial Adherence124:249****4·73 (1·41-31·89)****5·01 (1·41-31·89)8·67 (1·44-166·92)Non-Adherence112:1229·97 (2·78-63·83)****9·97 (2·78-63·83)****13·19 (2·17-255·12)****AntidepressantsAdherence18:391·0 (reference)1·0 (reference)1·0 (reference)Partial Adherence1175:1072****2·19 (1·23-4·03)****1·93 (1·07-3.58)1·86 (0·69-5·22)Non-Adherence356:3072·32 (1·29-4·33)****2·22 (1·22-4·18)****1·82 (0·66-5·19)† adjusted for age, sex, previous psychiatric inpatient care, and previous somatic inpatient care‡ adjusted for † and dispensation ratio during the four months preceding deathAbbreviations: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, aOR = adjusted odds ratio

The following corrections has been made to Supplementary table 3.

Supplementary table 3. Elimination half-lives, detection thresholds, therapeutic ranges, and postmortem redistribution factors for the studied drugsATC^1^Substance****ATC class^1^Minimum elimination half-life (h) ^2^Detection^threshold^(mg/L) ^ 3*^Therapeutic range (mg/L)^4^Postmortal redistribution factor^5-7^N05AA01ChlorpromazineAntipsychotic30·00·100·03-0·104·0N05AB01DixyrazineAntipsychotic5·00·200·30--N05AC02ThioridazineAntipsychotic21·00·200·20-2·001·2N05AD01Haloperidol Antipsychotic12·00·010·005-0·0173·6N05AE04Ziprasidone Antipsychotic6·50·010·05-0·20N05AF05Zuclopenthixol Antipsychotic20·00·010·004-0·05N05AH02ClozapineAntipsychotic6·00·050·10-0·602·8N05AH03OlanzapineAntipsychotic30·00·020·02-0·082·7-23·0N05AH04QuetiapineAntipsychotic7·00·020·10-0·509·0N05AX08Risperidone Antipsychotic23·00·010·006-0·02N05AX12Aripiprazole Antipsychotic25·00·020·15-0·500·4N05AX13Paliperidone Antipsychotic23·00·010·02-0·06N06AA04ClomipramineAntidepressant21·00·050·02-0·401·9N06AA09AmitriptylineAntidepressant25·00·050·05-0·30N06AA10NortriptylineAntidepressant18·00·100·02-0·20N06AA21MaprotilineAntidepressant27·00·100·075-0·1303·4N06AC01MaprotilineAntidepressant27·00·100·075-0·1303·4N06AB03FluoxetineAntidepressant96·00·020·12-0·501·6-2·9N06AB04CitalopramAntidepressant28·00·050·05-0·111·1-9·9N06AB05ParoxetineAntidepressant3·00·010·01-0·052·7N06AB06SertralineAntidepressant22·00·050·05-0·251·5-97·0N06AB08FluvoxamineAntidepressant13·00·020·06-0·231·7N06AB10EscitalopramAntidepressant28·00·050·05-0·111·1-9·9N06AX03MianserinAntidepressant21·00·050·015·0·07N06AX11MirtazapineAntidepressant20·00·020·03-0·500·7-5·8N06AX12BupropionAntidepressant20·00·020·05-0·10N07BA02BupropionAntidepressant20·00·020·05-0·10N06AX16VenlaflaxineAntidepressant9·00·050·10-0·401·5-5·0N06AX18ReboxetineAntidepressant13·00·020·06-0·350·8N06AX21DuloxetineAntidepressant8·00·030·03-0·121·5* Method T1, 2011-09-01--2013-12-31 ** Excluded substances when lack of routine testing throughout study period, or insufficient limit of detection.^1^ ATC: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical^2^ Half-lives as officially reported by drug manufacturers to Läkemedelsindustriföreningen (http://www.fass.se 2017-04-05)^3^ Detection thresholds (µg/ml = mg/L) for liquid-chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry at the National Board of Forensic Medicine’s toxicologicy unit in Linköping, Sweden (Valideringsbeskrivning för metod T01, B-läkemedel och droger. Ledningssystem För Rättsgenetik Och Rättskemi Dokument VT001 2016).^4^ Schulz M, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Andresen H, Schmoldt A. Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of nearly 1,000 drugs and other xenobiotics. Crit Care 2012; 16: 1–4.^5^ Leikin JB, Watson WA. Post-mortem Toxicology: What The Dead Can And Cannot Tell Us, Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. J Toxicol 2003; 41: 47–56.^6^ McIntyre IM. Liver and peripheral blood concentration ratio (L/P) as a marker of postmortem drug redistribution: A literature review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2014; 10: 91–6.^7^ Zilg B, Thelander G, Giebe B, Druid H. Postmortem blood sampling—Comparison of drug concentrations at different sample sites. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278: 296–303