# Replication and Transmission of Influenza A Virus in Farmed Mink

## TL;DR

Farmed mink can be infected by both avian and human influenza viruses and may help these viruses mix, increasing pandemic risk.

## Contribution

Demonstrates that farmed mink pre-exposed to H9 remain permissive hosts for reassortment of human and avian influenza A viruses.

## Key findings

- Farmed mink pre-exposed to H9 can be infected by both avian H6N6 and human H1N1 influenza strains.
- Efficient transmission of these viruses occurs among farmed mink, supporting their role as mixing vessels.
- Current farming practices may increase the risk of a pandemic due to viral reassortment in mink.

## Abstract

Farmed mink are frequently exposed to circulating influenza A viruses (IAVs), as confirmed by viral isolation and serological evidence. Previous work reveals that naïve mink serve as susceptible hosts for both avian and human influenza strains, highlighting their potential role in influenza ecology. In this study, we investigated whether farmed mink naturally pre-exposed to H9 retain the capacity to serve as “mixing vessels” for reassorting human and avian IAVs. Our results demonstrate that they remain fully susceptible and permissive to infection by both avian H6N6 and human H1N1 influenza strains. Notably, efficient transmission of these viruses occurred among farmed mink, confirming their potential to sustain viral exchange. These findings indicate that farmed mink represent highly permissive hosts capable of facilitating reassortment between circulating human and avian IAVs. Given this risk, current mink farming practices may substantially increase the likelihood of a pandemic emergence. We therefore urge immediate revision, stringent enhancement, and rigorous enforcement of biosecurity protocols and active surveillance systems in fur farming operations.