# Structural Insights into the Interaction Between a Core-Fucosylated Foodborne Hexasaccharide (H2N2F2) and Human Norovirus P Proteins

## TL;DR

This study explores how a fucosylated hexasaccharide from food interacts with human norovirus proteins, offering insights into how foodborne transmission might occur.

## Contribution

The study introduces an integrative computational framework using AlphaFold3 to analyze interactions between a food-derived hexasaccharide and multiple norovirus genotypes.

## Key findings

- Most modeled P proteins showed favorable interactions with the hexasaccharide H2N2F2, with binding energies ranging from −3.7 to −7.2 kcal·mol−1.
- Molecular dynamics simulations revealed stable binding within HBGA-like pockets, with key residues like Asp374 and Arg345 playing a role.
- Globally prevalent genotypes GII.3, GII.4, and GII.6 showed particularly strong binding tendencies to the hexasaccharide.

## Abstract

Background: Human noroviruses are the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that food matrices containing fucosylated or histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-like glycans may facilitate viral attachment and persistence, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions remain unclear. Methods: In this study, we performed a comparative computational analysis of norovirus–glycan interactions by integrating AlphaFold3-based structure prediction, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. A total of 182 P-domain models representing all genotypes across five human norovirus genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, GVIII, and GIX) were predicted and docked with a lettuce-derived core-fucosylated hexasaccharide (H2N2F2) previously identified by our group. The three complexes exhibiting the most favorable docking energies were further examined using 40 ns molecular dynamics simulations, followed by MM/GBSA binding free energy calculations and per-residue decomposition analyses. Results: Docking results indicated that the majority of modeled P proteins were able to adopt energetically favorable interaction poses with H2N2F2, with predicted binding energies ranging from −3.7 to −7.2 kcal·mol−1. The most favorable docking energies were observed for GII.6_S9c_KC576910 (−7.2 kcal·mol−1), GII.3_MX_U22498 (−7.1 kcal·mol−1), and GII.4_CARGDS11182_OR700741 (−6.8 kcal·mol−1). Molecular dynamics simulations suggested stable ligand engagement within canonical HBGA-binding pockets, with recurrent residues such as Asp374, Gln393, and Arg345 contributing to electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, consistent with previously reported HBGA-binding motifs. MM/GBSA analyses revealed comparatively favorable binding tendencies among these complexes, particularly for globally prevalent genotypes including GII.3, GII.4, and GII.6. Conclusions: This work provides a large-scale structural and energetic assessment of the potential interactions between a naturally occurring lettuce-derived fucosylated hexasaccharide and human norovirus P domains. The results support the notion that core-fucosylated food-associated glycans can serve as interaction partners for diverse norovirus genotypes and offer comparative molecular insights into glycan recognition patterns relevant to foodborne transmission. The integrative AlphaFold3–docking–dynamics framework presented here may facilitate future investigations of virus–glycan interactions within food matrices.