# Water Quality Criteria and Ecological Risk Assessment of Fluoride for the Protection of Water Organisms in Surface Water

## TL;DR

This study establishes water quality criteria for fluoride and assesses ecological risks in Chinese surface waters, identifying high-risk areas and data gaps.

## Contribution

The study derives new water quality criteria for fluoride and conducts a comprehensive ecological risk assessment across China’s surface waters.

## Key findings

- Short-term and long-term water quality criteria for fluoride were derived as 17.47 mg/L and 3.334 mg/L.
- High ecological risk areas include Xihe River and Ebinur Lake with risk quotient values exceeding 1.158.
- Most provinces showed moderate or low risk, while Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region had negligible risk.

## Abstract

The widespread occurrence of fluoride pollution in water bodies and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms have raised significant environmental concerns; however, studies on water quality criteria for fluoride remain relatively limited. This study aimed to derive such criteria and assess the ecological risks of fluoride in China’s surface waters, for the reference of readers. Acute and chronic toxicity data were collected globally, covering 34 species (14 families, 4 phyla) and 7 species (5 families, 3 phyla), respectively. Using species sensitivity distribution (SSD) methods, the short-term water quality criterion (SWQC) and long-term water quality criterion (LWQC) were derived as 17.47 mg/L and 3.334 mg/L. Ecological risk assessment based on the risk quotient (RQ) identified several high-risk areas among 32 major river and lake basins, with RQ values of 6.326 (Xihe River), 1.953 (Ebinur Lake), 1.368 (Chagan Lake), and 1.158 (Shahe River). At the provincial level, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region showed as no risk (RQ = 0.0001140), while other regions were classified as moderate or low risk. This study achieved its objectives of deriving water quality criteria for fluoride and conducting an ecological risk assessment for surface waters in China. It also highlights current limitations, including insufficient fluoride toxicity data and the frequent oversight of key indicators in existing assessments. Future research could focus on improving water quality criteria derivation and risk assessment methods through integrated predictive modeling and expanded toxicity datasets.